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JKM > Volume 39(2); 2018 > Article
Kim, Kwon, Go, Lee, Ko, and Kong: Study of Efficacy and Safety of Ginseng Seed Oil in Heathy Subjects Who Have Mild Liver Dysfunction: A Randomized, Double Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study
Original Article

The Journal of Korean Medicine 2018; 39(2): 36-55.

Published online: June 30, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.13048/jkm.18014

Study of Efficacy and Safety of Ginseng Seed Oil in Heathy Subjects Who Have Mild Liver Dysfunction: A Randomized, Double Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study

Young-Ji Kim1, Jung-Yeon Kwon1, Ho-Yeon Go1, Dong-Nyung Lee2, Sung-Kwon Ko3, Kyung-Hwan Kong1

1Dep. of Korean Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Semyung University

2Dep. of Korean Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Semyung University

3Dept. of Oriental Medical Food & Nutrition, Semyung University

4Ginseng Research Center, Koyeon

Correspondence to: 공경환(Kyung-Hwan Kong), 충북 충주시 상방4길 63 세명대학교충주한방병원 한방내과 Tel: +82-43-841-1732, Fax: +82-43-856-1731, E-mail: kong124@hanmail.net

Received May 28, 2018       Revised June 8, 2018       Accepted June 8, 2018

Copyright © 2018 The Society of Korean Medicine all rights reserved

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and safety of ginseng seed oil in healthy subjects who have mild liver dysfunction.

Methods

A randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. A total of 167 subjects visited Semyung University Hospital from July 1st, 2016 to June 10th 2017. Except for the 103 excluded subjects, 64 subjects were randomized into one of the two groups: an treatment group(n=33) and control group(n=31). Subjects were randomly given either ginseng oil seed capsules or indistinguishable placebo capsules(2 capsules per dose, twice per day). Laboratory tests(aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol) were performed to evaluate the effectiveness after 6, 12 weeks of treatment. Vital sign, laboratory test were performed to assess safety at every visit.

Results

There were no significant differences in efficacy between treatment group and control group. There were some adverse events with no significant difference in symptoms and frequency between treatment group and control group.

Conclusions

Although the efficacy of ginseng seed oil was not proved, ginseng seed oil did not worsen liver function and proved its safety. More study of ginseng seed oil and clinical trials are necessary to increase the usefulness of above-ground parts of ginseng.

Keywords: Ginseng seed oil, Mild liver dysfunction, RCT

Fig. 1
Experimental design
jkm-39-2-36f1.gif
Fig. 2
Disposition of subjects, enrolled in the study
jkm-39-2-36f2.gif
Table 1
The Composition of GSO
% 750 mg
Ginseng seed oil 66.7 500
Pigskin gelatin 26.5 199
Glycerin 3.33 25
D-Sorbitol 3.33 25
Cochineal extract 0.07 0.5
Caramel color 0.07 0.5
Table 2
Characteristics of the Subjects
Characteristics Treatment(N=26)
n(%) or Mean±SD		 Control(N=27)
n(%) or Mean±SD		 p*
Age(year) 50.73±9.489 51.67±8.440 0.564
Gender
 Male 15(57.7) 13(48.1) 0.487
 Female 11(42.3) 14(51.9)
Height(cm) 165.731±10.7240 161.593±9.9817 0.442
Body weight(kg) 74.173±13.1612 69.607±12.7435 0.944
Smoking status
 Never 17(65.4) 18(66.7) 0.634
 Past 4(15.4) 6(22.2)
 Current 5(19.2) 3(11.1)
Alcohol intake
 Never or past 12(46.2) 16(59.3) 0.628
 Moderate 8(30.8) 6(22.2)
 Excessive 6(23.1) 5(18.5)
Meal
 Regular 25(96.2) 24(88.9) 0.317
 Irregular 1(3.8) 3(11.1)
Exercise
 Never 7(26.9) 6(22.2) 0.604
 Irregular 9(34.6) 13(48.1)
 Regular 10(38.5) 8(29.6)

Treatment : group taking GSO, Control : group taking placebo, N : number

* p: p-value between groups by independent t-test or chi-square test

Table 3
Change of Lab
Treatment(N=26) Control(N=27) p†
Mean±SD p* Mean±SD p*
AST (IU/L) Baseline 33.88±5.750 31.41±5.970 0.130
6weeks 32.500±8.3391 0.263 28.889±7.4902 0.020 0.103
12weeks 36.885±21.8711 0.746 29.222±8.0734 0.071 0.094
ALT (IU/L) Baseline 38.885±17.1891 34.074±11.2760 0.232
6weeks 35.538±19.5576 0.179 35.222±15.6262 0.942 0.948
12weeks 42.077±28.0170 0.989 31.407±12.8998 0.140 0.079
γ-GTP (IU/L) Baseline 55.423±49.6823 48.704±48.2739 0.620
6weeks 48.731±41.0410 0.017 47.370±51.9824 0.439 0.916
12weeks 49.038±44.0958 0.012 43.111±42.5869 0.002 0.621
TG (mg/dL) Baseline 178.654±110.7025 179.074±146.9262 0.991
6weeks 197.692±132.2751 0.211 166.889±153.9076 0.210 0.439
12weeks 193.192±152.8105 0.657 182.148±190.5243 0.943 0.817
t.Chol (mg/dL) Baseline 192.077±33.5296 199.111±35.1342 0.460
6weeks 202.385±32.9740 0.042 211.000±33.6109 0.034 0.351
12weeks 207.462±38.7889 0.005 207.296±33.1045 0.100 0.987
HDL (mg/dL) Baseline 49.154±11.2452 50.778±13.9127 0.643
6weeks 49.885±11.6218 0.647 53.481±13.4718 0.173 0.304
12weeks 47.308±12.6262 0.567 53.148±14.0239 0.095 0.118
LDL (mg/dL) Baseline 116.450±40.6234 134.955±35.6671 0.124
6weeks 124.254±36.8828 0.369 133.562±33.6150 0.573 0.346
12weeks 124.654±39.2621 0.795 121.077±27.4079 0.024 0.705

Treatment: group taking GSO, Control: group taking placebo, N: number

AST: aspartate aminotransferase. ALT: alanine aminotransferase, γ-GTP: gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, TG: triglyceride, t.Chol: total cholesterol, HDL: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol

* p: p-value for baseline vs post(6weeks, 12weeks) by paired t-test or Wilcoxon’s signed rank test

† p: p-value between groups by independent t-test

Table 4
Change of Lab in the Subject Except for People with Excessive Drinking
Treatment(N=20) Control(N=22) p†
Mean±SD p* Mean±SD p*
AST (IU/L) Baseline 32.85±5.650 30.59±5.152 0.183
12weeks 32.350±10.7178 0.812 27.864±7.1200 0.041 0.115
ALT (IU/L) Baseline 36.900±16.7329 32.636±10.7062 0.327
12weeks 35.450±15.0909 0.481 29.545±12.1370 0.121 0.168
γ-GTP (IU/L) Baseline 37.000±16.9923 33.091±19.2920 0.492
12weeks 33.100±14.8391 0.111 30.545±24.2600 0.009 0.686
TG (mg/dL) Baseline 167.000±120.1411 148.045±102.3204 0.584
12weeks 157.450±130.4097 0.471 135.727±56.0715 0.987 0.480
t.Chol (mg/dL) Baseline 195.550±32.2775 196.818±37.7456 0.908
12weeks 207.550±40.8688 0.116 202.318±32.7143 0.317 0.648
HDL (mg/dL) Baseline 49.100±11.6750 51.000±13.3880 0.628
12weeks 48.650±3.2159 0.784 53.955±13.6538 0.077 0.209
LDL (mg/dL) Baseline 120.786±37.4005 139.824±38.4939 0.176
12weeks 124.143±34.2634 0.889 127.941±29.7373 0.042 0.474

Treatment: group taking GSO, Control: group taking placebo, N: number

AST: aspartate aminotransferase. ALT: alanine aminotransferase, γ-GTP: gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, TG: triglyceride, t.Chol: total cholesterol, HDL: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol

* p: p-value for baseline vs post(12weeks) by paired t-test or Wilcoxon’s signed rank test

† p: p-value between groups by independent t-test

Table 5
Comparisons of Adverse Event Between Treatment Group and Control Group
Treatment(N=32) Control(N=31) p†
n* (%) n† n* (%) n†
Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE) 8(25.00) 10 7(22.58) 9 0.8217
Adverse drug reaction(ADR) 2(6.25) 2 2(6.45) 3 1.0000
Unexpected adverse drug reaction(UADR) 2(6.25) 2 2(6.45) 2 1.0000
Serious adverse event(SAE) 0(0.00) 0 1(3.23) 1 0.4921
Adverse event influencing participant dropout 2(6.25) 2 3(9.68) 3 0.6719

Treatment : group taking GSO, Control : group taking placebo, N : number

* n: number of subjects,

† n: number of events

‡ p: p-value between groups by chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test

Table 6
Vital Sign
Vital sign Treatment (N=32) Control (N=31) p†
Mean±SD p* Mean±SD p*
SBP (mmHg) Baseline 126.09±13.72 122.39±11.80 0.2183
Final visit 124.14±14.02 0.0993 123.79±11.15 0.4465 1.0000
DBP (mmHg) Baseline 80.16±7.67 79.68±7.52 0.8532
Final visit 78.62±7.89 0.2668 80.34±7.78 0.8145 0.4184
Pulse (beats/min) Baseline 71.84±9.78 73.45±11.16 0.5450
Final visit 69.28±7.38 0.2026 70.38±8.65 0.0600 0.6032
BT(°C) Baseline 36.44±0.14 36.51±0.19 0.2313
Final visit 36.55±0.23 0.0442 36.49±0.18 0.4103 0.1584

Treatment: group taking GSO, Control: group taking placebo, N: number

SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, BT: body temperature

* p: p-value for baseline vs final visit by paired t-test or Wilcoxon’s signed rank test

† p: p-value between groups by independent t-test or Mann-Whitney test

Table 7
Hematology
Hematology Treatment (N=32) Control (N=31) p†
Mean±SD p* Mean±SD p*
WBC (103/μl) Baseline 5.96±1.43 6.00±1.56 0.9233
Final visit 5.98±1.79 0.8933 6.33±1.70 0.1803 0.3417
RBC (106/μl) Baseline 4.35±0.29 4.49±0.37 0.1021
Final visit 4.39±0.35 0.7236 4.36±0.40 0.0309 0.7765
Hgb (mg/dL) Baseline 13.78±1.49 14.22±1.38 0.3391
Final visit 13.97±1.47 0.9808 13.86±1.54 0.0205 0.9935
Hct (%) Baseline 39.45±3.49 40.74±3.33 0.1393
Final visit 39.86±3.51 0.9727 39.78±3.73 0.0385 0.9385
Platelets (103/μl) Baseline 241.25±48.35 236.19±53.47 0.6950
Final visit 229.71±49.21 0.3534 239.07±56.29 0.7242 0.4708

Treatment: group taking GSO, Control: group taking placebo, N: number

RBC: red blood cell, WBC: white blood cell, Hgb: Hemoglobine, Hct: Hematocrit

* p: p-value for baseline vs final visit by paired t-test or Wilcoxon’s signed rank test

† p: p-value between groups by independent t-test or Mann-Whitney test

Table 8
Blood Chemistry
Blood chemistry Treatment (N=32) Control (N=31) p†
Mean±SD p* Mean±SD p*
ALP (IU/L) Baseline 74.44±25.17 71.71±16.26 0.6104
Final visit 81.00±23.53 0.0665 79.04±18.44 0.0109 0.7294
T.Bili (mg/dL) Baseline 0.23±0.12 0.22±0.11 0.7350
Final visit 0.22±0.10 0.5449 0.23±0.09 0.3060 0.5849
Total protein (mg/dL) Baseline 7.53±0.34 7.49±0.39 0.6584
Final visit 7.60±0.37 0.7057 7.5±0.34 0.9179 0.2814
Albumin (g/dL) Baseline 4.61±0.25 4.65±0.25 0.5737
Final visit 4.70±0.23 0.2858 4.69±0.22 0.6329 0.8596
AST (IU/L) Baseline 34.69±6.14 31.55±6.03 0.0326
Final visit 38.57±21.95 0.7432 29.46±8.03 0.1696 0.0411
ALT (IU/L) Baseline 38.66±16.55 34.90±11.27 0.2961
Final visit 42.71±27.11 0.6376 32.00±13.04 0.2923 0.0794
γ-GTP (IU/L) Baseline 53.09±46.84 50.94±48.77 0.6401
Final visit 48.39±42.69 0.0065 43.79±41.94 0.0052 0.3458
BUN (mg/dL) Baseline 16.22±3.70 14.97±3.72 0.2064
Final visit 15.68±3.58 0.3994 13.93±3.30 0.1235 0.0625
Creatinine (mg/dL) Baseline 1.00±0.21 0.90±0.19 0.0496
Final visit 1.04±0.19 0.3835 1.00±0.20 0.0148 0.5420
Glucose (mg/dL) Baseline 99.47±19.02 101.74±21.81 0.8365
Final visit 97.71±29.41 0.0857 93.21±21.01 0.0785 0.7805
Uric acid (mg/dL) Baseline 5.14±1.55 5.03±1.91 0.5869
Final visit 5.59±1.42 0.0160 5.01±1.80 0.8401 0.1881
TG (mg/dL) Baseline 171.09±101.72 180.52±147.93 0.6255
Final visit 192.00±147.56 0.6571 181.50±186.99 0.7393 0.6820
t.Chol (mg/dL) Baseline 189.63±32.82 203.68±35.69 0.0605
Final visit 206.04±39.05 0.0019 208.29±32.90 0.0769 0.8165
LDL (mg/dL) Baseline 116.00±38.39 140.20±36.95 0.0277
Final visit 123.82±38.56 0.5640 122.48±27.85 0.0136 0.8835
HDL (mg/dL) Baseline 49.63±11.07 50.55±13.81 0.7703
Final visit 48.07±13.40 0.9311 53.96±15.89 0.0338 0.1813

Treatment : group taking GSO, Control : group taking placebo, N : number

AST: aspartate aminotransferase. ALT: alanine aminotransferase, γ-GTP: gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, ALP: alkaline phosphatase, TG: triglyceride, t.Chol : total cholesterol, HDL: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol

* p: p-value for baseline vs final visit by paired t-test or Wilcoxon’s signed rank test

† p: p-value between groups by independent t-test or Mann-Whitney test

Table 9
Comparative Analysis of Normal and Abnormal Urinalysis
Final visit Treatment (N=27) Control (N=27) p*
Baseline Normal n(%) Abnormal n(%) Normal n(%) Abnormal n(%)
pH Normal 27(100.0) 0(0.00) 27(100.0) 0(0.00)
Anormal 0(0.00) 0(0.00) 0(0.00) 0(0.00)
RBC Normal 19(70.37) 2(7.41) 23(85.19) 0(0.00) 0.4889
Anormal 4(14.81) 2(7.41) 2(7.41) 2(7.41)
WBC Normal 25(92.59) 1(3.70) 20(74.07) 3(11.11) 0.3507
Anormal 0(0.00) 1(3.70) 3(11.11) 1(3.70)
Protein Normal 27(100.0) 0(0.00) 26(96.30) 0(0.00)
Anormal 0(0.00) 0(0.00) 1(3.70) 0(0.00)
Glucose Normal 26(96.30) 1(3.70) 26(96.30) 1(3.70) 1.0000
Anormal 0(0.00) 0(0.00) 0(0.00) 0(0.00)
Specific gravity Normal 26(96.30) 0(0.00) 27(100.0) 0(0.00)
Anormal 0(0.00) 0(0.00) 0(0.00) 0(0.00)

Treatment: group taking GSO, Control: group taking placebo, N: number

RBC: red blood cell, WBC: white blood cell

* p: p-value between groups by Fisher’s exact test

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