AbstractBackgroundOpioids are a class of drugs found in the opium poppy, and used primarily as a pain reliever. About 130 people die every day from opioid abuse in the U.S., and the number of deaths was 6 times higher than it was 20 years ago.
ObjectivesTo derive the implications on Korean Medicine(KM), this study aimed to investigate the current state of opioids abuse in the U.S. and analyze cases to solve opioids abuse using acupuncture.
MethodsLiterature on opioids abuse in the U.S. were searched through the websites of government, agency, and research institute.
ResultsThere were several cases using acupuncture on opioids abuse. First, the Act on the use of acupuncture was enacted. Second, the clinical practice guidelines by the American College of Physicians recommended using acupuncture. Third, a large clinical study was conducted on whether acupuncture could replace opioids. Fourth, Vermont and Washington State conducted pilot projects on insurance coverage of acupuncture.
ConclusionsAs opioids issues are also valid in Korea, KM can serve a critical role in pain management to pursue expanded insurance coverage. In order to do so, building the discourses of KM in opioid issues is critical by defining its medical advantage, conducting large-scale clinical researches and implementing pilot projects to tackle social problems.
참고문헌1. An Express Scripts Report. A nation in pain focusing on U.S. opioid trends for treatment of short-term and longer-term pain. 2014; Dec. 1–32.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Understanding the Epidemic. 2020. [cited 2020 Mar 4]; Available from: URL: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html
3. Rui P, Santo L, Ashman JJ. National Health Statistics Report. 2020; 135. 1–12.
4. Florence CS, Zhou C, Luo F, Xu L. The Economic Burden of Prescription Opioid Overdose, Abuse, and Dependence in the United States 2013. Med Care. 2016; 54:10. 901–906.
5. Johns Hopkins Medicine. What Are Opioids? [cited 2020 Feb 29]; Available from: URL: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/opioids/what-are-opioids.html
6. National Institute on Drug Abuse of United States. FAQs About Opioids. 2018. [cited 2020 Jan 14]; Available from: URL: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/opioid-facts-teens/faqs-about-opioids
7. Smith DE. Medicalizing the Opioid Epidemic in the U.S. in the Era of Health Care Reform. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2017; 49:2. 95–101.
8. Hedegaard H, Warner M, Minino AM. Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999–2017. NCHS Data Brief. 2018; Nov. 329. 1–8.
9. The White House. President Donald J. Trump is Taking Action on Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis. 2017. Oct. 26. [cited 2020 Mar 15]; Available from: URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-taking-action-drug-addiction-opioid-crisis/
10. Choe HJ. The Opioid dilemma. Journal of Korean Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2014; 31:4. 873–881.
11. Hwang WH. Opioid dependence rate 21% in Korea. Healtip News. 2018. Dec. 4. [cited 2020 Feb 19]; Available from: URL: http://www.healtip.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=741
12. Overdose Death Rates. [cited 2020 Mar 4]; Available from: URL: https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates
13. National Safety Council Newsroom. NSC Poll: 99% of Doctors Prescribe Highly-addictive Opioids Longer than CDC Recommends. 2016. Mar. 24. [cited 2020 Mar 15]; Available from: URL: https://www.nsc.org/in-the-newsroom/nsc-poll-99-of-doctors-prescribe-highly-addictive-opioids-longer-than-cdc-recommends
14. Carlson RG, Nahhas RW, Martins SS, Daniulaityte R. Predictors of transition to heroin use among initially non-opioid dependent illicit pharmaceutical opioid users: A natural history study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2016; 160:127–134.
15. Vowles KE, McEntee ML, Julnes PS, Frohe T, Ney JP, Goes DN. Rates of opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction in chronic pain: a systematic review and data synthesis. Pain. 2015; 156:4. 569–576.
16. Morone NE, Weiner DK. Pain as the 5th vital sign: exposing the vital need for pain education. Clin Ther. 2013; 35:11. 1728–1732.
17. Van ZA. The Promotion and Marketing of OxyContin: Commercial Triumph, Public Health Tragedy. American Journal of Public Health. 2009; 99:2. 221–227.
18. Everett Washington. City of Everett’s lawsuit against Purdue Pharma. [cited 2020 Jan 14]; Available from: URL: https://everettwa.gov/1681/Purdue-Lawsuit
19. Ohio Attorney General. Attorney General DeWine Files Lawsuit Against Opioid Distributors for Practices Fueling Opioid Diversion. 2018. Feb. 26. [cited 2020 Mar 14]; Available from: URL: https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/February-2018/Attorney-General-DeWine-Files-Lawsuit-Against-Opio
20. Office of the Attorney General, Washinton State. Ferguson: Distributors ignored red flags while pouring staggering amounts of opioids into Washington. 2019. Mar. 12. [cited 2020 Jan 14]; Available from: URL: https://www.atg.wa.gov/news/news-releases/ferguson-distributors-ignored-red-flags-while-pouring-staggering-amounts-opioids
21. Congress of United States. H.R.6110-Dr. Todd Graham Pain Management, Treatment, and Recovery Act of 2018. [cited 2020 Jan 14]; Available from: URL: https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/6110/text?format=txt
22. U.S. Congress Woman, JUDI CHU. Rep. Chu Opioid Alternative Bill Passed Unanimously. 2018. Jun. 19. [cited 2019 Dec 4]; Available from: URL: https://chu.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/rep-chu-opioid-alternative-bill-passed-unanimously
23. California Legislative Information. AB-888 Opioid prescriptions: information: nonpharmacological treatments for pain. [cited 2019 Dec 4]; Available from: URL: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB888
24. Association of Chiropractic of California State. California Chiropractic Association Sponsors AB 888 Opioid Legislation. 2019. Mar. 28. [cited 2019 Dec 4]; Available from: URL: https://planetc1.com/california-chiropractic-association-sponsors-ab-888-opioid-legislation
25. Centers for Medicaid & Medicaid Services. Medicaid Strategies for Non-Opioid Pharmacologic and Non-Pharmacologic Chronic Pain Management. 2019. Feb. 22. [cited 2020 Mar 15]; Available from: URL: https://www.medicaid.gov/sites/default/files/federal-policy-guidance/downloads/cib022219.pdf
26. Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, Turner JA, Friedly JL, Rundell SD, et al. Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review(Comparative Effectiveness Review). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality;2018. Jun. 11. [cited 2020 Mar 15]; Available from: URL: https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/nonpharma-treatment-pain/research-2018
27. Kim JC, Kim DS, Lee EK. A Study on Current Status of Acupuncture and Chiropractic Health Insurance in the United States. Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine. 2019; 23:1. 1–13.
28. Vermont Department of Health. Insurance in the United States. 2017.
29. Davis RT, Badger G, Valentine K, Cavert A, Coeytaux RR. Acupuncture for Chronic Pain in the Vermont Medicaid Population: A Prospective, Pragmatic Intervention Trial. Glob Adv Health Med. 2018; Apr. 10. 7
30. Weeks J. Vermont Medicaid Acupuncture Pilot produces positive results and possible action. Integrative Practitioner. 2017. Nov. 21. [cited 2020 Mar 15]; Available from: URL: https://www.integrativepractitioner.com/practice-management/news/vermont-medicaid-acupuncture-pilot-produces-positive-results-possible-action
31. Washington State Department of Labor & Industries. Acupuncture Pilot Project Frequently Asked Questions. [cited 2020 Mar 15]; Available from: URL: https://www.abwmassage.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/AcupuncturePilotFAQs.pdf
32. Childers A. Acupuncture Moving Mainstream in Workers’ Comp.-Washington State pilots the use of alternative treatment for lower back pain. Risk & Insurance. 2017. Sep. 12. [cited 2020 Mar 15]; Available from: URL: https://riskandinsurance.com/acupuncture-moving-mainstream-workers-comp/
33. Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA. Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians Noninvasive Treatments for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2017; April. 4. 1667:7. 514–530.
34. National Intitutes of Health. The Helping to End Addiction Long-termSM Initiative -Supporting science-based solutions to the opioid crisis. 2017. Nov. 21. [cited 2019 Dec 4]; Available from: URL: https://www.nih.gov/research-training/medical-research-initiatives/heal-initiative
35. National Centers for Complementary and Integrative Health. “HEAL Initiative Offers New Funding Options for Clinical Trial Research on Pain. 2018. Dec. 21. [cited 2019 Dec 4]; Available from: URL: https://nccih.nih.gov/research/blog/heal-funding-options-for-clinical-trial-research-on-pain
36. National Intitutes of Health. HEAL Initiative: Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial of Acupuncture for Management of Chronic Low Back Painin Older Adults (UG3/UH3 Clinical Trial Required). [cited 2019 Dec 4]; Available from: URL: https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/rfa-at-19-005.html
37. Castaneda AM, Lee CS, Kim YC, Lee D, Moon JY. Addression opioid-related chemical coping in long-term opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain: a multicenter, observational, cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. J Clin Med. 2018; 7:10. 354
38. Yoon DU, Kang UG. Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2019; 58:3. 182–191.
39. Cho YS, Lee JY, Kim HS, Kwon K. Trends in the Consumption of Opioid Analgesics in a Tertiary Care Hospital from 2000 to 2012. Yakhak Hoeji. 2014; 58:4. 268–276.
40. Lee BM, CO S. The use of highly addictive opioids is growing rapidly.-Clinic 20 times more than general hospital. Maeil Business News Korea. 2018. Nov. 19. [cited 2020. Feb 19]; Available from: URL: https://www.mk.co.kr/news/it/view/2018/11/725038
41. Bae SB, Lee SC. Medical Treatment of Cancer Pain: Drug Therapy according to Guidelines Will Improve the Quality of Life of Cancer Patients. J of The Korean Association of Internal Medicine. 2018; 93:3. 260–265.
42. Volkow ND, Collins FS. The role of science in addressing the opioid crisis. N Eng J Med. 2017; 377:4. 391–394.
43. Fan AY, Miller DW, Bolash B, Bauer M, McDonald J, Faggert S, et al. Acupuncture’s role in solving the opioid epidemic: evidence, cost-effectiveness, and care availability for acupuncture as a primary, non-pharmacologic method for pain relief and management-white paper 2017. J Integr Med. 2017; 15:6. 411–425.
44. Bundesausschusses Gemeinsamen. Akupunktur: Zusammenfassender Bericht des Unterausschusses “Ärztliche Behandlung” des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses über die Bewertung gemäß §135 Abs.1 SGB V der Körperakupunktur mit Nadeln ohne elektrische Stimulation. 2007. Sep. 27. [cited 2020. Feb 19]; Available from: URL: https://www.g-ba.de/downloads/40-268-487/2007-09-27-Abschluss-Akupunktur.pdf
45. Kong JT. Exploring the multiple roles of acupuncture in alleviating the opioid crisis. J Altern Complement Med. 2018; 24:4. 304–306.
46. Kim D, Park I, Lim B. A Study on Health Insurance Coverage for Acupuncture Therapy in the Germany. Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine. 2019; 23:3. 109–119.
47. Kim D, Lim B, Park I, Lee YU. A case study on benefit coverage of complementary medicine in public health insurance by the referendum in Switzerland. Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine. 2017; 21:3. 1–10.
48. Kim D, Kwon SH, Chung SH, Ahn BT, Lim B. The Health Insurance system and the Quality Improvement Policies for Chinese Medicine in Taiwan. Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine. 2016; 20:2. 27–38.
|
|