Acute toxicity and genotoxicity assessment of <i>Ligigeopoong-san</i>

Sung-Young Jo; Sung-Min Hwang; Su-Yeong Kim; Jun-Sub Kim; Kyeong-Wan Woo; Hyun-Woo Cho; Jong-Hyun Nho; Jo, Sung-Young; Hwang, Sung-Min; Kim, Su-Yeong; Kim, Jun-Sub; Woo, Kyeong-Wan; Cho, Hyun-Woo; Nho, Jong-Hyun

doi:10.13048/jkm.24036

JKM > Volume 45(3); 2024 > Article

Jo, Hwang, Kim, Kim, Woo, Cho, and Nho: Acute toxicity and genotoxicity assessment of Ligigeopoong-san

Original Article

The Journal of Korean Medicine 2024; 45(3): 40-53.

Published online: September 1, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.13048/jkm.24036

Acute toxicity and genotoxicity assessment of Ligigeopoong-san

, Jun-Sub Kim

, Jong-Hyun Nho^*

Korean Medicine Non-clinical Study Center, National Development Institute of Korean Medicine

Correspondence to: Jong-Hyun Nho, Korean Medicine Non-clinical Study Center(GLP), National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Wondogwandeok-gil 27, 59319, Jangheung-eup, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea, Tel: +82-61-860-2873, E-mail: nhopaper@gmail.com

Received June 11, 2024 Revised August 5, 2024 Accepted August 19, 2024

Abstract

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate whether Ligigeopoong-san induces acute toxicity and genotoxicity

Methods

Ligigeopoong-san contains the rhizome of Cnidium officinale MAKINO, an herb with potential teratogenicity. Teratogenicity is closely associated with genotoxicity. We analyzed whether Ligigeopoong-san induces acute toxicity and genotoxicity using various experimental models in accordance with Korean non-clinical test standards for pharmaceuticals and OECD test guidelines.

Results

When Ligigeopoong-san was administered as a single dose to male and female rats, no toxic reactions, including organ damage, were observed at doses up to 2,500 mg/kg. In the bacterial reverse mutation test, no DNA mutations were detected at concentrations up to 5,000 μg/plate. In cell models, Ligigeopoong-san did not induce structural or numerical chromosomal aberrations at concentrations up to 2,000 μg/mL. Additionally, in animal studies, it did not cause bone marrow toxicity or form micronuclei in erythrocytes at doses up to 2,000 mg/kg.

Conclusions

The experiments using various models demonstrated that Ligigeopoong-san did not induce acute toxicity or genotoxicity.

Keywords: Ligigeopoong-san, Acute toxicity, genotoxicity, Korean medicine, safety

Fig. 1

Structural aberration in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test

Image captured using E-200(Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) microscope. (A)~(G) 600X magnification, (H) 400X magnification. (A) Distilled water, (B)~(E) Ligigeopoong-san(short-term exposure, −S9), (F) chromosome exchange(Benzo[a]pyrene 20 ug/mL, short-term exposure, +S9), (G) chromatid break(Mitomycin 0.1 ug/mL, short-term exposure, −S9), (H) chromatid exchange(Mitomycin 0.1 ug/mL, continuous exposure, −S9).

Table 1

Information of Ligigeopoon-san

Number	Name	Weights (g)	Ratio (%)	Origin	Ash (%)	SO₂ (ppm)	Aflatoxin	Quantification analysis		Heavy metal (ppm)	Pesticide residues	Analyzation Company^*
Number	Name	Weights (g)	Ratio (%)	Origin	Ash (%)	SO₂ (ppm)	Aflatoxin	Substance	Ratio (%)	Heavy metal (ppm)	Pesticide residues	Analyzation Company^*
1	Root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex Dc.	3	6.25	China	5.5	7.5	Suitable	Glycyrrhizic acid Liquiritigenin	3.37 0.83	Suitable	Suitable	1
2	Root of Ostericum koreanum Maximowicz	3	6.25	Korea	7.0	9.9	-	-	-	Suitable	Suitable	1
3	Immature fruit of Citrus aurantium Linné	3	6.25	China	3.3	16.2	-	-	-	Suitable	Suitable	1
4	Root of Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle	3	6.25	Korea	5.5	8.0	-	-	-	Suitable	Suitable	2
5	Rhizome of Arisaema amurense Maximowicz	3	6.25	China	4.4	-	-	-	-	Suitable	Suitable	3
6	Root of Aralia continentalis Kitagawa	3	6.25	Korea	4.5	6.0	-	Kaurenoic acid + Continentalic acid	2.00	Suitable	Suitable	1
7	Tuber of Pinellia ternata Breitenbach	3	6.25	China	2.5	14.0	Suitable	-	-	Suitable	Suitable	4
8	Root of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischkin	3	6.25	China	2.5	9.0	-	-	-	Suitable	Suitable	1
9	Root of Paeonia lactiflora Pallas	3	6.25	Korea	2.8	3.0	-	Albiflorin + Paeoniflorin	3.80	Suitable	Suitable	1
10	Root of Angelica dahurica Bentham et Hooker	3	6.25	Korea	6.9	3.9	-	Oxypeucedanin + Imperatorin + Isoimperatorin	-	Suitable	Suitable	1
11	Root of Lindera strichnifolia Fernandez-Villar	3	6.25	China	0.6	11.4	-	-	-	Suitable	Suitable	1
12	Pericarp of Citrus unshiu Markovich	3	6.25	China	2.2	7.8	-	Hesperidin	14.3	Suitable	Suitable	1
13	Rhizome of Cnidium officinale MAKINO	3	6.25	Korea	4.4	2.0	-	-	-	Suitable	Suitable	2
14	Rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume	3	6.25	China	2.9	7.7	-	Gastrodin + Gastrodigenin	-	Suitable	Suitable	1
15	Immature pericarp of Citrus unshiu Markovich	3	6.25	China	3.3	16.2	-	-	-	Suitable	Suitable	1
16	Floral axis of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briquet	3	6.25	Korea	6.0	19.2	-	-	-	Suitable	Suitable	1
		48.0	100

* 1: Hyeongyoul Pharmaceuticals (Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea) 2: Hando Pharmaceuticals (Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea) 3: Puleunmuyak Pharmaceuticals (Seoul, Republic of Korea) 4: Kwangduk Pharmaceuticals (Chungnam Province, Republic of Korea).

Table 2

Results of the acute toxicity assessment

Sex: Male							(g)

Group	Animal	Day

		0	1	3	7	14
Negative control	1	215.9	247.8	272.4	305.4	363.5
	2	235.8	266.3	295.4	337.9	421.0
	3	218.9	252.2	279.4	317.7	384.6
	4	222.1	254.4	279.0	313.2	376.4
	5	223.1	258.0	285.6	324.7	405.5

	Mean	223.2	255.7	282.4	319.8	390.2
	S.D	7.6	7.0	8.7	12.3	23.0

Ligigeopoong-san (625 mg/kg)	1	232.7	263.1	288.3	318.3	385.4
	2	231.0	269.5	300.8	339.7	415.6
	3	223.3	255.2	285.1	318.7	373.6
	4	233.0	267.5	294.7	334.2	411.8
	5	225.3	259.0	281.8	314.5	378.4

	Mean	229.1	262.9	290.1	325.1	393.0
	S.D	4.5	5.9	7.6	11.1	19.4

Ligigeopoong-san (1,250 mg/kg)	1	230.5	268.6	300.1	345.4	429.9
	2	220.7	255.0	275.6	316.1	386.2
	3	221.2	258.1	247.4	326.7	391.3
	4	223.7	259.5	280.2	313.7	389.6
	5	226.7	261.3	283.2	331.4	402.1

	Mean	224.6	260.5	277.3	326.7	399.8
	S.D	4.1	5.1	19.1	12.8	17.8

Ligigeopoong-san (2,500 mg/kg)	1	229.4	262.3	290.5	322.5	382.8
	2	233.0	268.8	293.3	326.7	398.9
	3	221.6	258.8	279.0	309.2	363.5
	4	217.9	255.8	279.8	317.0	396.3
	5	221.7	258.0	285.0	277.8	362.5

	Mean	224.7	260.7	285.5	310.6	380.8
	S.D	6.2	5.1	6.3	19.5	17.4

Sex: Female							(g)

Group	Animal	Day

		0	1	3	7	14

Negative control	1	168.6	193.1	197.2	220.8	250.4
	2	152.3	174.6	187.7	202.4	230.2
	3	153.2	176.0	186.5	196.8	219.2
	4	157.1	182.1	196.3	200.8	225.7
	5	157.9	183.6	193.4	206.5	231.3

	Mean	157.8	181.9	192.2	205.5	231.4
	S.D	6.5	7.4	4.9	9.3	11.7

Ligigeopoong-san (625 mg/kg)	1	172.5	196.3	215.2	236.6	274.7
	2	154.8	175.6	187.6	201.2	232.7
	3	154.7	177.8	193.5	206.5	235.5
	4	152.4	174.6	188.8	201.7	232.7
	5	163.4	187.3	193.7	196.2	221.8

	Mean	159.6	182.3	195.8	208.4	239.5
	S.D	8.4	9.3	11.2	16.2	20.4

Ligigeopoong-san (1,250 mg/kg)	1	164.9	190.8	203.6	213.0	245.0
	2	151.7	171.7	184.5	189.9	222.3
	3	161.5	181.6	195.8	215.2	249.8
	4	158.3	180.6	189.6	201.3	219.4
	5	160.4	177.9	196.5	207.1	238.6

	Mean	159.4	180.5	194.0	205.3	235.0
	S.D	4.9	6.9	7.3	10.2	13.6

Ligigeopoong-san (2,500 mg/kg)	1	152.9	176.7	181.8	188.5	212.7
	2	165.3	189.6	203.4	225.3	266.3
	3	152.8	178.9	190.6	197.6	225.7
	4	157.3	179.9	196.0	208.5	238.2
	5	155.0	180.3	195.3	212.2	243.4

	Mean	156.7	181.1	193.4	206.4	237.3
	S.D	5.2	5.0	7.9	14.1	20.1

S.D (Standard deviation)

Table 3

Results of the bacterial reverse mutation test without metabolic activation system

Strain	Dose (μg/plate)	Primary experiment								Secondary experiment

		PPT	TOX	Revertant colony			Mean	S.D	Ratio	PPT	TOX	Revertant colony			Mean	S.D	Ratio

				1	2	3						1	2	3
TA98	0	-	-	19	25	18	21	3.8	[1.0]	-	-	17	17	13	16	2.3	[1.0]
	6.86	-	-	18	25	25	23	4.0	[1.1]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	20.6	-	-	17	24	23	21	3.8	[1.0]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	61.7	-	-	25	27	24	25	1.5	[1.2]	-	-	11	8	14	11	3.0	[0.7]
	185.2	-	-	25	26	18	23	4.4	[1.1]	-	-	13	19	14	15	3.2	[1.0]
	555.6	-	-	21	18	27	22	4.6	[1.1]	-	-	11	12	20	14	4.9	[0.9]
	1,666.7	-	-	17	18	24	20	3.8	[1.0]	-	-	18	14	22	18	4.0	[1.1]
	5,000.0	-	-	18	25	21	21	3.5	[1.0]	-	-	25	22	19	22	3.0	[1.4]
	2-NF (0.5)	-	-	160	129	145	145	15.5	[7.0]	-	-	160	287	116	188	88.8	[12.0]

TA100	0	-	-	108	93	109	103	9.0	[1.0]	-	-	81	68	81	77	7.5	[1.0]
	6.86	-	-	95	102	91	96	5.6	[0.9]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	20.6	-	-	92	105	107	101	8.1	[1.0]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	61.7	-	-	96	93	96	95	1.7	[0.9]	-	-	81	82	86	83	2.6	[1.1]
	185.2	-	-	85	98	95	93	6.8	[0.9]	-	-	87	83	81	84	3.1	[1.1]
	555.6	-	-	94	91	94	93	1.7	[0.9]	-	-	73	89	86	83	8.5	[1.1]
	1,666.7	-	-	100	103	107	103	3.5	[1.0]	-	-	97	89	87	91	5.3	[1.2]
	5,000.0	-	-	100	118	121	113	11.4	[1.1]	-	-	130	115	105	117	12.6	[1.5]
	SA (1.0)	-	-	682	726	700	703	22.1	[6.8]	-	-	602	595	644	614	26.5	[8.0]

TA1535	0	-	-	10	9	9	9	0.6	[1.0]	-	-	11	8	9	9	1.5	[1.0]
	6.86	-	-	9	9	9	9	0.0	[1.0]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	20.6	-	-	10	10	9	10	0.6	[1.0]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	61.7	-	-	10	8	8	9	1.2	[0.9]	-	-	11	9	11	10	1.2	[1.1]
	185.2	-	-	9	8	9	9	0.6	[0.9]	-	-	7	9	11	9	2.0	[1.0]
	555.6	-	-	10	8	9	9	1.0	[1.0]	-	-	10	9	9	9	0.6	[1.0]
	1,666.7	-	-	9	11	10	10	1.0	[1.1]	-	-	8	10	7	8	1.5	[0.9]
	5,000.0	-	-	9	9	11	10	1.2	[1.0]	-	-	9	10	11	10	1.0	[1.1]
	SA (1.0)	-	-	490	495	484	490	5.5	[52.5]	-	-	422	459	441	441	18.5	[47.2]

TA1537	0	-	-	6	7	7	7	0.6	[1.0]	-	-	11	12	12	12	0.6	[1.0]
	6.86	-	-	8	6	6	7	1.2	[1.0]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	20.6	-	-	6	6	6	6	0.0	[0.9]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	61.7	-	-	6	7	6	6	0.6	[1.0]	-	-	8	9	10	9	1.0	[0.8]
	185.2	-	-	6	7	7	7	0.6	[1.0]	-	-	8	10	12	10	2.0	[0.9]
	555.6	-	-	7	8	9	8	1.0	[1.2]	-	-	12	9	12	11	1.7	[0.9]
	1,666.7	-	-	7	8	7	7	0.6	[1.1]	-	-	12	12	9	11	1.7	[0.9]
	5,000.0	-	-	7	10	9	9	1.5	[1.3]	-	-	12	9	14	12	2.5	[1.0]
	9-AA (40.0)	-	-	201	236	253	230	26.5	[34.5]	-	-	170	192	216	193	23.0	[16.5]

WP2 uvrA	0	-	-	46	49	42	46	3.5	[1.0]	-	-	50	52	49	50	1.5	[1.0]
	6.86	-	-	48	45	46	46	1.5	[1.0]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	20.6	-	-	45	49	43	46	3.1	[1.0]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	61.7	-	-	43	40	42	42	1.5	[0.9]	-	-	41	46	42	43	2.6	[0.9]
	185.2	-	-	49	40	46	45	4.6	[1.0]	-	-	36	49	44	43	6.6	[0.9]
	555.6	-	-	45	45	45	45	0.0	[1.0]	-	-	39	50	39	43	6.4	[0.8]
	1,666.7	-	-	44	41	41	42	1.7	[0.9]	-	-	48	49	50	49	1.0	[1.0]
	5,000.0	-	-	45	49	41	45	4.0	[1.0]	-	-	43	52	49	48	4.6	[1.0]
	4-NQO (0.5)	-	-	760	736	680	725	41.1	[15.9]	-	-	762	764	680	735	47.9	[14.6]

PPT (Precipitation), TOX (Toxicity to bacteria), S.D (Standard deviation), Ratio (The percentage of the mean value compared to the negative control value)

Table 4

Results of the bacterial reverse mutation test with metabolic activation system

Strain	Dose (μg/plate)	Primary experiment								Secondary experiment

		PPT	TOX	Revertant colony			Mean	S.D	Ratio	PPT	TOX	Revertant colony			Mean	S.D	Ratio

				1	2	3						1	2	3
TA98	0	-	-	38	30	34	34	4.0	[1.0]	-	-	15	13	20	16	3.6	[1.0]

	6.86	-	-	37	33	28	33	4.5	[1.0]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	20.6	-	-	33	31	30	31	1.5	[0.9]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	61.7	-	-	36	33	34	34	1.5	[1.0]	-	-	22	22	13	19	5.2	[1.2]
	185.2	-	-	30	31	36	32	3.2	[1.0]	-	-	27	22	13	21	7.1	[1.3]
	555.6	-	-	34	38	31	34	3.5	[1.0]	-	-	22	22	14	19	4.6	[1.2]
	1,666.7	-	-	38	32	29	33	4.6	[1.0]	-	-	20	17	17	18	1.7	[1.1]
	5,000.0	-	-	39	32	38	36	3.8	[1.1]	-	-	27	15	22	21	6.0	[1.3]

	2-NF (0.5)	-	-	152	146	136	145	8.1	[4.3]	-	-	156	135	146	146	10.5	[9.1]

TA100	0	-	-	91	82	88	87	4.6	[1.0]	-	-	79	76	77	77	1.5	[1.0]

	6.86	-	-	87	92	92	90	2.9	[1.0]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	20.6	-	-	90	97	93	93	3.5	[1.1]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	61.7	-	-	93	93	92	93	0.6	[1.1]	-	-	91	90	96	92	3.2	[1.2]
	185.2	-	-	102	100	98	100	2.0	[1.1]	-	-	89	93	93	92	2.3	[1.2]
	555.6	-	-	116	105	106	109	6.1	[1.3]	-	-	102	93	92	96	5.5	[1.2]
	1,666.7	-	-	100	99	105	101	3.2	[1.2]	-	-	81	110	85	92	15.7	[1.2]
	5,000.0	-	-	126	119	103	116	11.8	[1.3]	-	-	89	108	95	97	9.7	[1.3]

	SA (1.0)	-	-	670	738	660	689	42.4	[7.9]	-	-	395	479	429	434	42.3	[5.6]

TA1535	0	-	-	9	10	7	9	1.5	[1.0]	-	-	12	10	13	12	1.5	[1.0]

	6.86	-	-	10	9	10	10	0.6	[1.1]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	20.6	-	-	10	9	8	9	1.0	[1.0]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	61.7	-	-	10	10	8	9	1.2	[1.1]	-	-	9	10	11	10	1.0	[0.9]
	185.2	-	-	8	8	8	8	0.0	[0.9]	-	-	8	11	9	9	1.5	[0.8]
	555.6	-	-	9	8	9	9	0.6	[1.0]	-	-	10	11	9	10	1.0	[0.9]
	1,666.7	-	-	10	9	11	10	1.0	[1.2]	-	-	12	10	11	11	1.0	[0.9]
	5,000.0	-	-	9	11	9	10	1.2	[1.1]	-	-	11	10	12	11	1.0	[0.9]

	SA (1.0)	-	-	275	256	231	254	22.1	[29.3]	-	-	272	256	289	272	16.5	[23.3]

TA1537	0	-	-	12	13	11	12	1.0	[1.1]	-	-	13	12	12	12	0.6	[1.0]

	6.86	-	-	10	12	10	11	1.2	[0.9]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	20.6	-	-	14	13	15	14	1.0	[1.2]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	61.7	-	-	13	14	15	14	1.0	[1.2]	-	-	14	12	13	13	1.0	[1.1]
	185.2	-	-	14	13	15	14	1.0	[1.2]	-	-	9	12	14	12	2.5	[0.9]
	555.6	-	-	15	14	14	14	0.6	[1.2]	-	-	12	9	14	12	2.5	[0.9]
	1,666.7	-	-	15	13	14	14	1.0	[1.2]	-	-	16	11	15	14	2.6	[1.1]
	5,000.0	-	-	15	15	14	15	0.6	[1.2]	-	-	9	11	12	11	1.5	[0.9]

	9-AA (40.0)	-	-	380	369	324	358	29.7	[29.8]	-	-	270	209	281	253	38.8	[20.5]

WP2 uvrA	0	-	-	46	46	45	46	0.6	[1.0]	-	-	48	55	50	51	3.6	[1.0]

	6.86	-	-	45	42	42	43	1.7	[0.9]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	20.6	-	-	48	39	49	45	5.5	[1.0]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	61.7	-	-	47	43	53	48	5.0	[1.0]	-	-	44	49	46	46	2.5	[0.9]
	185.2	-	-	49	40	45	45	4.5	[1.0]	-	-	44	50	50	48	3.5	[0.9]
	555.6	-	-	39	39	47	42	4.6	[0.9]	-	-	51	50	53	51	1.5	[1.0]
	1,666.7	-	-	43	41	53	46	6.4	[1.0]	-	-	50	47	50	49	1.7	[1.0]
	5,000.0	-	-	43	40	54	46	7.4	[1.0]	-	-	55	55	54	55	0.6	[1.1]

	4-NQO (0.5)	-	-	230	210	218	219	10.1	[4.8]	-	-	154	161	198	171	23.6	[3.4]

PPT (Precipitation), TOX (Toxicity to bacteria), S.D (Standard deviation), Ratio (The percentage of the mean value compared to the negative control value)

Table 5

Results of the in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test

Test substance	μg/mL	Metabolic Activation	Treatment (hour)	pH	Osmotic pressure	RICC (%)	Chromosome Type		Chromatid Type		Multiple aberration	Cells with structural aberration (%)	Numerical aberration

							DEL	EXC	DEL	EXC			PP	ED
Distilled water	0	+	6	8.30	289	100.0	0	0	1	1	0	0.67	0	0

Ligigeopoong-san	250	+	6	7.64	273	78.6	0	0	1	0	0	0.33	1	0
	500			7.41	268	72.7	0	0	0	0	1	0.33	0	0
	1,000			7.59	287	66.9	0	0	0	0	0	0.00	0	0
	2,000			8.10	288	59.1	0	0	1	0	0	0.33	0	1

Benzo[a]pyrene	20	+	6	8.34	430	66.9	4	0	10	27	0	12.00^*	1	0

Distilled water	0	−	6	8.22	253	100.0	0	0	0	0	0	0.00	1	0

Ligigeopoong-san	250	−	6	8.12	251	82.2	0	1	1	0	0	0.67	0	0
	500			8.00	250	78.7	0	0	1	1	0	0.67	0	0
	1,000			8.05	252	75.1	0	0	0	1	0	0.33	0	0
	2,000			8.06	297	59.2	0	0	2	0	0	0.67	0	0

Mitomycin C	0.1	−	6	8.21	279	62.7	0	0	13	23	0	11.00^*	1	0

Distilled water	0	−	24	7.83	251	100.0	0	0	0	1	0	0.33	1	0

Ligigeopoong-san	250	−	24	7.53	256	82.6	0	0	0	0	0	0.00	0	0
	500			7.47	266	75.6	0	0	0	0	0	0.00	1	0
	1,000			7.95	257	70.3	0	0	1	0	0	0.33	0	0
	2,000			7.55	260	58.1	1	0	2	0	0	1.00	0	0

Mitomycin C	0.1	−	24	7.77	281	59.9	2	0	8	28	1	12.00^*	4	0

RICC (Relative increase in cell count), DEL (Deletion), EXC (Exchange), PP (Polyploidy), ED (Endoreduplication)

* Significant difference (p < 0.05) from negative control group (Fisher’s exact test).

Table 6

Results of the mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test

Group / Dose (mg/kg)	Animal	Dosing (1st)		Dosing (2nd)		Sacrifice		mnPCE	Frequency (%)	PCE/NCE ratio

		BW	GS	BW	GS	BW	GS			PCE	NCE	Ratio (%)
Negative control (Distilled water)	1	36.5	N	37.0	N	37.4	N	3	0.08	233	267	46.6
	2	34.9	N	35.4	N	35.1	N	5	0.13	233	267	46.6
	3	34.9	N	34.3	N	33.0	N	3	0.08	239	261	47.8
	4	33.2	N	33.4	N	33.3	N	3	0.08	246	254	49.2
	5	33.1	N	32.1	N	33.4	N	1	0.03	231	269	46.2

Mean	-	34.5	-	34.4	-	34.4	-	3.0	0.08	236.4	263.6	47.3
S.D	-	1.4	-	1.9	-	1.8	-	1.4	0.04	6.1	6.1	1.2

Ligigeopoong-san (500 mg/kg)	1	36.4	N	36.9	N	36.6	N	4	0.10	231	269	46.2
	2	35.0	N	34.5	N	34.8	N	1	0.03	239	261	47.8
	3	34.4	N	35.7	N	33.9	N	3	0.08	233	267	46.6
	4	33.4	N	33.9	N	34.2	N	3	0.08	230	270	46.0
	5	32.7	N	33.7	N	31.7	N	3	0.08	240	260	48.0

Mean	-	34.4	-	34.9	-	34.2	-	2.8	0.07	234.6	265.4	46.9
S.D	-	1.5	-	1.3	-	1.8	-	1.1	0.03	4.6	4.6	0.9

Ligigeopoong-san (1,000 mg/kg)	1	36.3	N	35.7	N	37.0	N	3	0.08	236	264	47.2
	2	35.1	N	35.1	N	33.8	N	5	0.13	247	253	49.4
	3	34.2	N	34.6	N	33.4	N	2	0.05	232	268	46.4
	4	33.5	N	33.6	N	33.8	N	6	0.15	239	261	47.8
	5	32.6	N	33.1	N	32.1	N	2	0.05	247	253	49.4

Mean	-	34.4	-	34.4	-	34.0	-	3.6	0.09	240.2	259.8	48.0
S.D	-	1.4	-	1.1	-	1.8	-	1.8	0.05	6.7	6.7	1.3

Ligigeopoong-san (2,000 mg/kg)	1	36.0	N	36.0	N	34.8	N	2	0.05	233	267	46.6
	2	35.2	N	35.2	N	34.3	N	4	0.10	232	268	46.4
	3	33.8	N	33.8	N	33.3	N	1	0.03	230	270	46.0
	4	33.5	N	33.5	N	32.8	N	2	0.05	238	262	47.6
	5	31.9	N	31.9	N	32.0	N	2	0.05	231	269	46.2

Mean	-	34.4	-	34.1	-	33.4	-	2.2	0.06	232.8	267.2	46.6
S.D	-	1.5	-	1.6	-	1.2	-	1.1	0.03	3.1	3.1	0.6

Positive control Mitomycin C (2 mg/kg)	1	34.8	N	34.8	N	34.6	N	443	11.1	152	348	30.4
	2	35.0	N	35.0	N	34.5	N	436	10.9	152	348	30.4
	3	34.1	N	34.1	N	33.2	N	438	11.0	135	365	27.0
	4	33.8	N	33.8	N	32.7	N	425	10.6	149	351	29.8
	5	32.3	N	32.2	N	31.6	N	423	10.6	155	345	31.0

Mean	-	34.4	-	34.0	-	33.3	-	433^*	10.8	148.6	351.4	29.7
S.D	-	1.4	-	1.1	-	1.3	-	8.6	0.22	7.9	7.9	1.6

GS (General symptoms), N (Normal), mnPCE (Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte), PCE (Polychromatic erythrocyte), NCE (Normochromatic erythrocyte), Ratio (NCE/PCE+NCE)

* Significant difference (p < 0.05) from negative control group (Dunnett’s test).

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