The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance Measured at Twelve Source Points: A Cross-Over Study

Article information

J Korean Med. 2015;36(3):35-52
1Department of Meridian & Acupoint, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University
Correspondence to: 임윤경(Yun-Kyoung Yim), 대전 동구 용운동 96-3 12407호, Tel: +82-42-280-2610, Fax: +82-42-280-2647, E-mail: docwindy@dju.kr
Received 2015 August 13; Revised 2015 September 25; Accepted 2015 September 25.

Abstract

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking on the skin bio-electrical capacitance at twelve source points.

Methods:

Twenty healthy male subjects were assigned to smoking and sham-smoking by a random cross-over design. Skin bio-electrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points for 10 minutes before and after smoking. The change of skin bio-electrical capacitance was analysed.

Results:

1. The skin bio-electrical capacitance at LU9, PC7 and LR3 was significantly increased after smoking. 2. In the smoking group, the skin bio-electrical capacitance at the source points of Hand Yin meridians significantly increased compared to that of Foot Yin and Hand Yang meridians.

Conclusions:

Smoking significantly increased the skin bio-electrical capacitance at the source points of Lung, Pericardium and Liver meridians. Hand Yin meridians appear to be more vulnerable to smoking than other meridians.

Fig. 1.

Bio-electrical capacitance measurement system

Fig. 2.

Experimental protocol

Fig. 3.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at LU9

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left LU9 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

*: P < 0.05 vs Sham-Smoking by Mann-Whitney U test

Fig. 4.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at LI4

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left LI4 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 5.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at ST42

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left ST42 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 6.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at SP3

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left SP3 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 7.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at HT7

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left HT7 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 8.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at SI4

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left SI4 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 9.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at BL64

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left BL64 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 10.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at KI3

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left KI3 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 11.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at PC7

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left PC7 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

*: P < 0.05 vs Sham-Smoking by Mann-Whitney U test

Fig. 12.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at TE4

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left TE4 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 13.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at GB40

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left GB40 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 14.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at LR3

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left LR3 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

*: P < 0.05 vs Sham-Smoking by Mann-Whitney U test

Fig. 15.

Comparison of Bio-potential Change between Hand and Foot, Yin and Yang Source Points of Smoking group

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points and the change of bioelectrical capacitance of smoking group was compared between hand & foot, Yin & Yang source points.

Fig. 16.

Comparison of Bio-potential Change between Hand and Foot, Yin and Yang Source Points of Sham-smoking group

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points and the change of bioelectrical capacitance of sham-smoking group was compared between hand & foot, Yin & Yang source points.

Fig. 17.

Bio-potential Change of Hand and Foot, Yin and Yang Source Points of Smoking and Sham-smoking groups

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points in the smoking and the sham-smoking groups. The changes of bioelectrical capacitance of source points with same Yin & Yang property and hand & foot location, showed similar patterns.

Characteristics of Subjects

Comparison of Bio-potential Change between the Smoking and the Sham-Smoking groups at Twelve Source Points

Comparison of Bio-potential Change between Hand and Foot, Yin and Yang Source Points

References

1. Jee SH, Jung KJ, Jeon C, Kim HJ, Yun YD, Kim IS. Smoking Attributable Risk and Medical Care Cost in 2012 in Korea. JHIS 2014;39(1):25–41.
2. Park NH. Does smoking affect the liver? KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY 2007;13(2):248–250.
3. Li H, Li QD, Wang MS, Li FJ, Li QH, Ma XJ, et al. Smoking and air pollution exposure and lung cancer mortality in Zhaoyuan County. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 2013;216(1):63–70.
4. Park EJ, Koh HK, Kwon JW, Suh MK, Kim H, Cho SI. Secular trends in adult male smoking from 1992 to 2006 in South Korea: Age-specific changes with evolving tobacco-control policies. Public Health 2009;123(10):657–664.
5. Kang JW, Kim JS. A study on the effect of the tobacco price raise on the smoking rate and smoking attributable death. Korean journal of preventive medicine 1997;30(4):697–707.
6. Chun JS, Bae YJ, Min SK. Effectiveness of smoking cessation program for male adolescents in South Korea. Children and Youth Services Review 2012;34(1):304–310.
7. Oza S, Thun MJ, Henley SJ, Lopez AD, Ezzati M. How many deaths are attributable to smoking in the United States? Comparison of methods for estimating smoking-attributable mortality when smoking prevalence changes. Preventive Medicine 2011;52:428–33.
8. Lee JH. Smoking is a cause of lung cancer and chronic lung disease. The Korean Chronic Disease News 1990;117:8.
9. Lee HS, Kim NY, Lim DH, Joo HD, Lee JB, Kam S, et al. Effect of smoking on pulmonary function in ex-smokers and current smokers. Korean Journal of Family Medicine 2000;21(2):211–221.
10. Shaikh RB, Haque NMA, Al Mohsen HAHK, Al Mohsen AAHK, Humadi MHK, Al Mubarak ZZ, et al. Acute Effects of Dokha Smoking on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems among UAE Male University Students. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012;13(5):1819–1822.
11. LIU Na, SHEN Yueping, QIN Liqiang, HE Tianfeng, LIU Yinmei. Meta-Analysis of Smoking and the risk of gastric cancer among the chinese population. Cancer Biology & Medicine 2013;6(4):296–302.
12. Kim TM, Lee C, Lee HJ, Yim YK. The Effect of Smoking on the Bioelectrical Capacitance Measured at Specific Acupoints of Lung Meridian: A Cross-Over Study. Korean Journal of Acupuncture 2014;31(2):90–97.
13. Kim SB, Lee JW, Lee SW, Lee NR, Kim YD, Shin TM, et al. Development & Evaluation of Acupuncture Point Impedance Measurement System Using 12 Channels Multi-Frequency. Korean Journal of Acupuncture 2011;28(1):1–13.
14. Kim SB, Kwon SM, Myoung HS, Lee KJ, Kang HJ, Yim YK, et al. Analysis of Meridian Energy and its Change Pattern with Time using Measurement of Skin-Capacitance on Source Points. Korean Journal of Acupuncture 2009;26(3):1–11.
15. Lee YH, Chang GJ, Park CG. Design of Oriental Medicine diagnosis system by Bio-Electric Response. The journal of the Korea Institute of Maritime Information & Communication Sciences 2004;8(2):420–429.
16. Kim SB, Lee NR, Lee SW, Choi JY, Lee YH. Development of Multi-Frequency Impedance Measurement System for Acupuncture Points and Preliminary Report of Measurement Results. Korean Journal of Acupuncture 2012;29(1):71–81.
17. Hwang BB. Passive Smoking and Lung Cancer. J Korean Med Assoc 2003;46(1):12–20.
18. Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, Thun M, Heath C Jr. Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: indirect estimation from national vital statistics. Lancet 1992;339:1268–78.
19. Jung TJ. Smoking and cancer. Korean J Med 1997;52(1s):16–20.
20. Tanaka K, Tsujz I, Wakai K, Nagata C, Mizoue T, Inoue M, et al. Cigarette Smoking and Liver Cancer Risk: An Evaluation Based on a Systematic Review of Epidemiologic Evidence among Japanese. Japanese journal of clinical oncology 2006;36(7):445–456.
21. Yun-xia L. Meta-analysis of the Relationship between Smoking and Stomach Cancer. Acta-Academiae Medicinae Sinicae 2002;24(6):559–563.
22. Matsuo K, Ito H, Wakai K, Nagata C, Mizoue T, Tanaka K, et al. Cigarette Smoking and Pancreas Cancer Risk: An Evaluation Based on a Systematic Review of Epidemiologic Evidence in the Japanese Population. Japanese journal of clinical oncology 2011;41(11):1292–1302.
23. Korkes F, Juliano CAB, Bunduky MAP, Costa ACDM, de Castro MG. Amount of tobacco consumption is associated with superficial bladder cancer progression. Einstein 2010;8(4):473–6.
24. Park SK. Risk Factors of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Hanyang Medical Rev 2005;25(4):22–31.
25. Lee KH. The Effect of Smoking on Lung Function. Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 2007;63(4):323–330.
26. Park CY. The effect of smoking on circulatory system. The Korean Journal of Medicine 1997;52(1s):21–25.
27. Lee JJ. The Effects of Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy. Korean journal of perinatology 2002;13(4):357–365.
28. Kim BH. Cigarette Smoking and Hepatic Lesions in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C. Hepatology. Korean J Gastroenterol 2001;38(4):310–311.
29. Yoo SL, Kim KH, Kim KK, Kim JH. Trends of Smoking Attributable Mortality in Korea. Health and Social sciences 2005;17(0):133–148.
30. Jin JP. The Clinical utilization Huang Di Nei Jing; Huang di’s Canon of Medicine Recitation Book Seoul: BuBinBooks; 2009. p. 160. p. 500. p. 574.
31. Jin JP. Editor’s note Elementary Medicine Seoul: BuBinBooks; 2009. p. 258. p. 260. p. 268. p. 269. p. 272. p. 274. p. 285. p. 286. p. 291. p. 293. p. 300. p. 302. p. 310. p. 344.
32. Jin JP. The New translation Donguibogam: Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine Seoul: BuBinBooks; 2009. p. 394–396. p. 412–414. p. 1167. p. 1169. p. 2009. 2064, 2066, 2068, 2073, 2075, 2077, 2079, 2086, 2089, 2090, 2093, 2097, 2102.
33. 2th Korean Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine Society of Dagu Haany Univ. Korean Medicine. Korean Translation ZhenJiuXueMingJie and ZhenJiuXueMingShiYi Seoul: IlJongSa; 1996. p. 122. p. 128. p. 181. p. 189. p. 211. p. 217. p. 281. p. 287. p. 316. p. 323. p. 369. p. 377.
34. Ghosh D, Mishra MK, Das S, Kaushik DK, Basu A. Tobacco carcinogen induces microglial activation and subsequent neuronal damage. Journal of Neurochemistry 2009;110(3):1070–1081.
35. Yoon YH, Kim SH, Lee HJ, Lee JH, Kim HT. The effects of task stressor, noise stimulus, conifer needle odor and soundguard on SCR, PPG and behavioral performance. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology 1997;16(2):435–445.
36. Chae IS. Clinical Oriental Medicine Seoul: Eui Seong Dang Publishing Co; 1987. p. 455–457. p. 459–460. p. 617–621.
37. Choe CG, Sin GC, Lee GH. Gender Differences of Susceptibility to Lung Cancer According to Smoking Habits. Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 2000;49(5):576–584.
38. Uh ST, Suh KW, Hwang SK, Han DC, Na H, Ahn BS, et al. Pulmonary Epithelial Permeability. The Korean Journal of Medicine 1985;29(1):23–29.
39. Kim KG, Kim WH. Theory and clinic of viscera and bowels Seoul: IlJongSa; 1996. p. 297–302.
40. Park HS. Acupuncture points studing Seoul: Eui Seong Dang Publishing Co; 1996. p. 177.
41. Sun YK. YiZhiXuYu : A series of Chinese Medicine (vol. 34) Seoul: Yeo Kang Publishing Co; 1995. p. 1086.
42. Zhao XK. Thorough Knowledge of Medicine Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House; 1987. p. 4.
43. Lim SC, Jang IG, Park HK, Hwang JH, Kang YH, Kim YC, et al. M-mode Ultrasound Assessment of Diaphragmatic Excursions in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease : Relation to Pulmonary Function Test and Mouth Pressure. Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 1998;45(4):736–745.
44. Hwang JH, Lee WH, Cha HJ. Comparison of Waveforms and Flow Velocities in Hepatic Doppler by Respiratory Maneuvers on Healthy Adults. The korean Society of Medical Sonongraphers 2011;2(1):38–43.
45. Shin Wen Feng Publishing Co. Great Dictionary of Chinese Medicine Taipei: Shin Wen Feng Publishing Co; 1982. p. 1542–3.
46. Yang DX. BenCaoBeiYaoJieXi Xinzhu: Guo Xing Publishing Co; 1985. p. 263.
47. Kwon CJ. Discuss stems, branches and medicine Busan: Cheonghwa Academy; 2003. p. 310–330.
48. Kwon CJ, Kim KC, Lee YT. Stduy of 12 meridian energy transformation’s observationandutilization by principle of 12 Po-tae. Journal of Oriental Physiology 2000;15(1):55–70.
49. Kwon CJ. Hacking Korean medicine Seoul: KyoBo Book; 2011. p. 132–133. p. 138. p. 139.

Article information Continued

Fig. 1.

Bio-electrical capacitance measurement system

Fig. 2.

Experimental protocol

Fig. 3.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at LU9

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left LU9 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

*: P < 0.05 vs Sham-Smoking by Mann-Whitney U test

Fig. 4.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at LI4

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left LI4 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 5.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at ST42

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left ST42 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 6.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at SP3

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left SP3 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 7.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at HT7

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left HT7 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 8.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at SI4

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left SI4 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 9.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at BL64

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left BL64 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 10.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at KI3

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left KI3 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 11.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at PC7

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left PC7 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

*: P < 0.05 vs Sham-Smoking by Mann-Whitney U test

Fig. 12.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at TE4

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left TE4 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 13.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at GB40

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left GB40 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

Fig. 14.

The Effects of Smoking on Bioelectrical Capacitance at LR3

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at left LR3 and the change of bioelectrical capacitance at each time point was analyzed. Data were expressed as mean (n=20).

*: P < 0.05 vs Sham-Smoking by Mann-Whitney U test

Fig. 15.

Comparison of Bio-potential Change between Hand and Foot, Yin and Yang Source Points of Smoking group

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points and the change of bioelectrical capacitance of smoking group was compared between hand & foot, Yin & Yang source points.

Fig. 16.

Comparison of Bio-potential Change between Hand and Foot, Yin and Yang Source Points of Sham-smoking group

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points and the change of bioelectrical capacitance of sham-smoking group was compared between hand & foot, Yin & Yang source points.

Fig. 17.

Bio-potential Change of Hand and Foot, Yin and Yang Source Points of Smoking and Sham-smoking groups

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points in the smoking and the sham-smoking groups. The changes of bioelectrical capacitance of source points with same Yin & Yang property and hand & foot location, showed similar patterns.

Table 1.

Characteristics of Subjects

Mean ± SD
Age(year) 23.65 ± 3.72
Height(cm) 174.68 ± 5.86
Weight(kg) 71.19 ± 7.55
BMI(kg/m2) 23.35 ± 2.57
Body Temperature(°C) 36.28 ± 0.62
Systolic Blood Pressure(mmHg) 128.78 ± 13.77
Diastolic Blood Pressure(mmHg) 77.22 ± 10.33
Time after urination(h) 1.35 ± 1.78

Table 2.

Comparison of Bio-potential Change between the Smoking and the Sham-Smoking groups at Twelve Source Points

Source Point P value (Smoking vs Sham-Smoking)
LU9 0.034*
LI4 0.351
ST42 0.053
SP3 0.577
HT7 0.182
SI4 0.409
BL64 0.231
KI3 0.122
PC7 0.043*
TE4 0.532
GB40 0.082
LR3 0.025*

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points and the change of bioelectrical capacitance was compared between the smoking group and the sham-smoking group.

*:

P < 0.05 by Repeated measures ANOVA

Table 3.

Comparison of Bio-potential Change between Hand and Foot, Yin and Yang Source Points

Source Points P value

Smoking group Sham-smoking group
Hand Yang vs Hand Yin 0.020* 0.733
Foot Yang 0.369 0.846
Foot Yin 0.758 0.574

Hand Yin vs Hand Yang 0.020* 0.733
Foot Yang 0.153 0.593
Foot Yin 0.044* 0.367

Foot Yang vs Hand Yang 0.369 0.846
Hand Yin 0.153 0.593
Foot Yin 0.555 0.713

Foot Yin vs Hand Yang 0.758 0.574
Hand Yin 0.044* 0.367
Foot Yang 0.555 0.713

Bioelectrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points and the change of bioelectrical capacitance was compared between hand & foot, Yin & Yang source points.

*:

P < 0.05 by Repeated measures ANOVA