A Comparative Study on the Effects of Pinellia ternata, Zingiber officinale and Sobanhatang on Reflux Esophagitis

Article information

J Korean Med. 2019;40(2):17-34

Publication date (electronic) : 2019 June 30

doi : https://doi.org/10.13048/jkm.19014

Seul-hee Lee

, Tai-Hyeun Baik

Dept. of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University

Correspondence to: 백태현, 강원도 원주시 우산동 283번지, 상지대학교 부속한방병원 내과학교실, Tel: +82-33-741-9207, E-mail: white@sangji.ac.kr

Received 2019 May 9; Revised 2019 May 22; Accepted 2019 May 23.

Abstract

Objectives

This study was carried out to observe and compare the effects of Pinellia ternata, Zingiber officinale and Sobanhatang on the reflux esophagitis induced by gastric fundus and pylorus ligation in mice with esomeprazole.

Methods

Antioxidant effects were measured by DPPH radical scavenging activity at four different concentration of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0mg/102μℓ. Zingiber officinale water extract(ZE), Pinellia ternata water extract(PE) and Sobanhatang water extract(SBE) and esomeprazole were treated orally for 14 days before gatric fundus and pylorus ligation. In the histochemistry, changes in suface mucous cells, muscle tissue and connective tissue in gastro esophageal junction(GEJ) and mast cell on the esophageal mucosa were observed. The change of Hemo oxygenase(HO)-1, ghrelin, gastrin and substance P in gastric body tissue were measured by immunohistochemistry.

Results

DPPH radical scavenging activity exhibited concentration dependently increases in ZE, PE, SBE. ZE was significantly higher at all concentrations than PE. The gastric surface mucous cells were more in the treated group than in the reflux esophagitis elicited group(GE) in the order of PE, SBE, ZE and esomeprazole treateded group(PT, SBT, ZT, ET). Lower esophageal sphincter muscle damage and intercellular space in the GEJ were less in the treated group than GE. In the esophageal mucosa, the mast cell distribution and the migration of inflammatory cells were lower in the treateded troup than GE in order to ZT, SBT, PT and ET. The antioxidative enzyme, HO-1 was more in the order of ZT, SBT, control group, PT, ET than in GE. ZT was significantly higher than the other groups and SBT was significantly higher than ET. Ghrelin was found to be higher in ZT, ET, SBT and PT than in GE, and ZT was significantly higher than all other groups except ET. Gastrin showed the highest positivity in GE, and was lower in the order of ET, ZT, SBT, PT, and control group. Substance P was the highest in GE, and was lower in the order of ET, ZT, SBT, PT and control group, and PT were significantly lower than ET.

Conclusion

ZT, PT and SBT showed superior antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and mucosal protective effects on mouse reflux esophagitis as compared with ET. In particular, ZE was more effective in antioxidant and gastric motility enhancement, while PE was more effective in mucosal protection and anti-inflammatory effects. Sobanhatang is expected to be effective treatment because it has advantages of both drugs and reduces toxicity.

Keywords: Gastroesophageal Reflux; Zingiber officinale; Pinellia ternata; Sobanhatang; Esomeprazole

DPPH radical scavenging activity (%)=(1-absorbance of sampleabsorbance of blank)×100

Fig. 1

Experimental design and reflux esophagitis animal model

HFD, high fat diet; ZE, Zingiber officinale water extract; PE, Pinellia ternata water extract; SBE, Sobanhatang water extract.

Fig. 2

The GC/MS of Component in water extracts of Zingiber officinale, Pinellia ternata, and Sobanhatang

Fig. 3

The free radical scavenging activity of water extracts of Pinellia ternata, Zingiber officinale and Sobanhatang

The anti-oxidant ability of ZE and SBE is dose-dependantly increased and the estimation of SBE is lower compared with ZE. ♦, Pinellia ternata water extract(PE); ■, Zingiber officinale water extract(ZE); ▲, Sobanhatang water extract(SBE); ●, Ascorbic acid as compared anti-oxidant.

Fig. 4

The hemo oxygenase-1 positive reaction in gastric mucosa with reflux esophagitis

Ctrl, no reflux esophagitis elicited group; GE, reflux esophagitis elicited group; ET, esomeprazole treated group before reflux esophagitis elicitation; ZT, Zingiber officinale water extract treated group before reflux esophagitis elicitation; PT, Pinellia ternata water extract treated group before reflux esophagitis elicitation; SBT, Sobanhatang water extract treated group before reflux esophagitis elicitation; Bar size, 100μm; arrow, HO-1 positive reaction; ASM, apical surface of mucosa, LP, lamina propria.

Fig. 5

The ghrelin positive reaction in gastric mucosa with reflux esophagitis

Bar size, 100μm; arrow, ghrelin positive reaction; ASM, apical surface of mucosa, LP, lamina propria.

Fig. 6

The gastrin positive reaction in gastric mucosa with reflux esophagitis

Bar size, 100μm; arrow, gastrin positive reaction; ASM, apical surface of mucosa, LP, lamina propria.

Fig. 7

The substance P positive reaction in gastric mucosa with reflux esophagitis

Bar size, 100μm; arrow, gastrin positive reaction; ASM, apical surface of mucosa, LP, lamina propria

Fig. 8

The protective effect of damaged mucosal barrier by Pinellia ternata water extract, Sobanhatang water extract, Zingiber officinale water extract and esomeprazole

The PAS positive reaction (arrow) in mice pre-treateded with PE, SBE, ZE and esomeprazole noticeably maintain (PAS stain; Bar size, 50μm).

ASM, apical surface of mucosa; LU, lumen.

Fig. 9

The mitigative effect of muscular damage & mucosal inflammation by Pinellia ternata water extract, Sobanhatang water extract, Zingiber officinale water extract and esomeprazole

A photo Bar size, 200μm; B photo Bar size, 50μm, GEJ, gastroesophageal junction; LES, lower esophageal sphincter; ES, esophagus; SM, submucosa; LU, lumen.

Table 1

The Amount and Composition of Sobanhatang

Table 2

The GC/MS of Component in Zingiber officinale water extract

Table 3

The GC/MS of Component in Pinellia ternata water extract

Table 4

The GC/MS of Component in Sobanhatang water extract

Table 5

DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of Water Extracts of Pinellia ternata, Zingiber officinale and Sobanhatang Scavenging activity (%)

Table 6

The Image Analysis for the Hemo Oxygenase-1 Positive Reaction in Gastric Mucosa

Table 7

The Image Analysis for the Ghrelin Positive Reaction in Gastric Mucosa

Table 8

The Image Analysis for the Gastrin Positive Reaction in Gastric Mucosa

Table 9

The Image Analysis for the Substance P Positive Reaction in Gastric Mucosa

Notes

이 논문은 2017년도 상지대학교 대학원 박사학위 논문임

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Article information Continued

Fig. 1

Experimental design and reflux esophagitis animal model

HFD, high fat diet; ZE, Zingiber officinale water extract; PE, Pinellia ternata water extract; SBE, Sobanhatang water extract.

Fig. 2

The GC/MS of Component in water extracts of Zingiber officinale, Pinellia ternata, and Sobanhatang

Fig. 3

The free radical scavenging activity of water extracts of Pinellia ternata, Zingiber officinale and Sobanhatang

Fig. 4

The hemo oxygenase-1 positive reaction in gastric mucosa with reflux esophagitis

Fig. 5

The ghrelin positive reaction in gastric mucosa with reflux esophagitis

Bar size, 100μm; arrow, ghrelin positive reaction; ASM, apical surface of mucosa, LP, lamina propria.

Fig. 6

The gastrin positive reaction in gastric mucosa with reflux esophagitis

Bar size, 100μm; arrow, gastrin positive reaction; ASM, apical surface of mucosa, LP, lamina propria.

Fig. 7

The substance P positive reaction in gastric mucosa with reflux esophagitis

Bar size, 100μm; arrow, gastrin positive reaction; ASM, apical surface of mucosa, LP, lamina propria

Fig. 8

The protective effect of damaged mucosal barrier by Pinellia ternata water extract, Sobanhatang water extract, Zingiber officinale water extract and esomeprazole

The PAS positive reaction (arrow) in mice pre-treateded with PE, SBE, ZE and esomeprazole noticeably maintain (PAS stain; Bar size, 50μm).

ASM, apical surface of mucosa; LU, lumen.

Fig. 9

The mitigative effect of muscular damage & mucosal inflammation by Pinellia ternata water extract, Sobanhatang water extract, Zingiber officinale water extract and esomeprazole

A photo Bar size, 200μm; B photo Bar size, 50μm, GEJ, gastroesophageal junction; LES, lower esophageal sphincter; ES, esophagus; SM, submucosa; LU, lumen.

Table 1

The Amount and Composition of Sobanhatang

	Herbs	Scientific Name	Amount (g)
生薑	Zingiberis Rhizoma Crudus	Zingiber officinale Roscoe	11.25
半夏	Pinellia Rhizoma	Pinellia ternata Breitenbach	15.00

	Total Amount		26.25

Table 2

The GC/MS of Component in Zingiber officinale water extract

NO	RT(min)	Area(%)	Compounds
1	13.430	44.27	Zingerone
2	19.230	7.84	2-Heptanone
3	19.850	24.57	6-shogaol
4	20.202	23.32	Gingerol

RT, retention time.

Table 3

The GC/MS of Component in Pinellia ternata water extract

NO	RT(min)	Area(%)	Compounds
1	6.395	68.16	Epoxyethane
2	8.921	31.84	Benzaldehyde

Table 4

The GC/MS of Component in Sobanhatang water extract

NO	RT(min)	Area(%)	Compounds
1	6.423	12.52	Cyclopentasiloxane
2	8.921	13.07	Benzaldehyde
3	11.066	8.33	Isobutylamine
4	13.430	66.09	Zingerone

Table 5

DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of Water Extracts of Pinellia ternata, Zingiber officinale and Sobanhatang Scavenging activity (%)

Concentration	PE (mean±SD)	ZE (mean±SD)	SBE (mean±SD)
1.0 mg	18.89±1.81b	66.49±2.26a	30.31±1.76a,b
0.5 mg	14.38±1.31b	46.44±3.10a	23.88±1.64a,b
0.25 mg	9.49±1.06b	29.68±3.53a	15.92±1.08a,b
0.125 mg	5.18±1.28b	16.05±2.83a	9.61±1.24a,b

PE, Pinellia ternata water extract; ZE, Zingiber officinaele water extract; SBE, Sobanhatang water extract;

^a,b

a and b are groups separated by Bonferroni correction method, and represent the same group, respectively.

Statical significance was determined by Kruskal-Wallis test.

Table 6

The Image Analysis for the Hemo Oxygenase-1 Positive Reaction in Gastric Mucosa

Objective	Group
Objective	Ctrl (mean±SD)	GE (mean±SD)	ET (mean±SD)	ZT (mean±SD)	PT (mean±SD)	SBT (mean±SD)	p value*
Hemo oxygenase-1	12225±2251b	4631±317d	8730±366c,d	43866±3023a	10082±1214b,c	22876±2025b	0.000

(image analysis for 20.000,000 particles/range of intensity : 80–100)

^a,b,c,d

a, b, c and d are groups separated by Bonferroni correction method, and represent the same group, respectively.

Statical significance was determined by Kruskal-Wallis test.

Table 7

The Image Analysis for the Ghrelin Positive Reaction in Gastric Mucosa

Objective	Group
Objective	Ctrl (mean±SD)	GE (mean±SD)	ET (mean±SD)	ZT (mean±SD)	PT (mean±SD)	SBT (mean±SD)	p value^*
Ghrelin	21888±1469^c,d	18008±1077^d	56342±2276^a,b	59743±1704^a	33323±1907^b,c,d	47361±3862^b,c	0.000

(image analysis for 20.000,000 particles/range of intensity : 80–100)

Table 8

The Image Analysis for the Gastrin Positive Reaction in Gastric Mucosa

Objective	Group
Objective	Ctrl (mean±SD)	GE (mean±SD)	ET (mean±SD)	ZT (mean±SD)	PT (mean±SD)	SBT (mean±SD)	p value^*
Gastrin	13897±1463^d	97618±5148^a	88260±1991^a,b	78867±2963^a,b,c	57045±1962^c,d	66541±2351^b,c,d	0.000

(image analysis for 20.000,000 particles/range of intensity : 80–100)

Table 9

The Image Analysis for the Substance P Positive Reaction in Gastric Mucosa

Objective	Group
Objective	Ctrl (mean±SD)	GE (mean±SD)	ET (mean±SD)	ZT (mean±SD)	PT (mean±SD)	SBT (mean±SD)	p value^*
Substance P	6498±535^d	73238±3667^a	53105±1580^a,b	49622±2138^a,b,c	15515±1332^c,d	29171±1999^b,c,d	0.000

(image analysis for 20.000,000 particles/range of intensity : 80–100)