Kim et al. (2008) Korea |
by measurement part
by position of ignition
by mass of moxa(g)
|
1cm below the lower end of the handle
2cm below the lower end of the handle
vertically 2cm, horizontally 1.5cm from the lower end of the handle
|
➀ apex ignition method 1) 0.2g: 46.7±4.4/0.4g: 48.5±6.1/0.6g:60.3±9.2/0.8g:58.6±3.1/1.0g:66.9 ±8.9 2) 0.2g:38.6±1.1/0.4g: 40.9±3.1/0.6g:44.0±5.0/0.8g:50.7±2.8/1.0g:61.8 ±2.2 3) 0.2g:45.2±1.5/0.4g: 48.6±1.9/0.6g:54.6±3.4/0.8g:66.6±6.5/1.0g:87.9 ±1.8 ➁ bottom ignition method 1) 0.2g:63.0±8.3/0.4g: 57.5±7.9/0.6g:71.1±16. 8/0.8g:80.5±2.9/1.0g:10 7.2±31.2 2) 0.2g:53.7±1.1/0.4g: 57.4±4.5/0.6g:69.5±10. 3/0.8g:78.0±3.4/1.0g:92.7±12.0 3) 0.2g:57.1±3.0/0.4g: 63.1±5.6/0.6g:76.0±4.1/0.8g:90.5±7.4/1.0g:105. 6±15.2 |
➀ apex ignition method 1) 0.2g:80.7±4.5/0.4g: 107.7±15.5/0.6g:143.3± 15.0/0.8g:148.7±17.0/1. 0g:163.7±4.9 2) 0.2g:80.3±5.5/0.4g: 106.3±15.3/0.6g:138.3± 16.2/0.8g:148.7±17.5/1. 0g:160.0±1.0 ➁ bottom ignition method 1) 0.2g:72.7±1.2/0.4g: 79.7±16.4/0.6g:88.3±15.0/0.8g:119.0±11.3/1.0g :106.7±8.4 2) 0.2g:82.0±4.4/0.4g: 84.0±4.4/0.6g:98.7±9.1/0.8g:119.7±20.3/1.0g:1 08.0±7.0 |
Criteria: Duration for temperature from rise above 34°C to fall below 34°C ➀ apex ignition method 1) 0.2g:49.0±5.6/0.4g: 73.0±15.7/0.6g:109.7± 4.0/0.8g:124.7±16.0/1. 0g:157.3±15.3 2) 0.2g:28.3±3.5/0.4g: 38.7±15.9/0.6g:57.0±1 1.4/0.8g:108.7±12.6/1. 0g:145.0±6.6 ➁ bottom ignition method 1) 0.2g:129.7±13.6/0.4g:94.3±18.6/0.6g:1 37.3±17.4/0.8g:189.0± 23.5/1.0g:230.±24.8 2) 0.2g:112.3±6.8/0.4g:95.7±15.3/0.6g:1 43.3±5.1/0.8g:190.3±6.5/1.0g:224.3±15.3 |
➀ apex ignition method 1) 0.2g:40.3±2.1/0.4g: 40.7±2.7/0.6g:43.7±2.2/0.8g:44.4±0.7/1.0g:48.6± 2.5 2) 0.2g:36.4±0.7/0.4g: 37.0±1.0/0.6g:38.4±2.1/0.8g:41.7±1.7/1.0g:46.7± 1.1 ➁ bottom ignition method 1) 0.2g:48.3±3.1/0.4g: 44.4±2.4/0.6g:50.1±6.4/0.8g:52.7±0.7/1.0g:59.7 ±9.1 2) 0.2g:43.2±0.5/0.4g: 44.0±1.0/0.6g:50.3±3.3/0.8g:51.5±0.3/1.0g:57.1± 3.3 |
When we measure the warm needling’s partial temperature according to the position of ignition, the bottom ignition method got the higher result on the peak temperature measured at 2cm below the head than the apex ignition method. |
Yeo. (2013) Korea |
by measurement part
by kind of needle
by mass of moxa(g)
|
1cm below the lower end of the handle
2cm below the lower end of the handle
vertically 2cm, horizontally 1.5cm from the lower end of the handle
|
➀ stainless steel needle 1) 0.2g:46.7±4.4/0.4g: 48.5±6.1/0.6g:60.3±9.2/0.8g:58.6±3.1/1.0g:66.9 ±8.9 2) 0.2g:38.6±1.1/0.4g: 40.9±3.1/0.6g:44.0±5.0/0.8g:50.7±2.8/1.0g:61.8 ±2.2 3) 0.2g:45.2±1.5/0.4g: 48.6±1.9/0.6g:54.6±3.4/0.8g:66.6±6.5/1.0g:87.9 ±1.8 ➁ gold needle 1) 0.2g:83.0±4.5/0.4g: 95.1±9.2/0.6g:95.1±1.2/0.8g:115.7±3.0/1.0g:122.3±26.5 2) 0.2g:50.2±0.3/0.4g: 66.1±1.0/0.6g:73.6±1.8/0.8g:86.1±3.7/1.0g:87.0 ±6.0 3) 0.2g:42.1±1.2/0.4g: 57.4±3.6/0.6g:61.0±2.2/0.8g:66.9±1.2/1.0g:71.1 ±1.8 |
➀ stainless steel needle 1) 0.2g:80.7±4.5/0.4g: 107.7±15.5/0.6g:143.3± 15.0/0.8g:148.7±17.0/1. 0g:163.7±4.9 2) 0.2g:80.3± 5.5/0.4g: 106.3±15.3/0.6g:138.3± 16.2/0.8g:148.7±17.5/1.0g:160.0±1.0 ➁ gold needle 1) 0.2g:107.0±6.0/0.4g: 129.7±7.0/0.6g:146.3±6.4/0.8g:161.0±5.3/1.0g: 170.3±11.1 2) 0.2g:107.7±10.1/0.4g:134.7±5.1/0.6g:14 3.3±6.5/0.8g:159.7±2.1/1.0g:173.0±5.6 |
Criteria: Duration for temperature from rise above 34°C to fall below 34°C ➀ stainless steel needle 1) 0.2g:49.0±5.6/0.4g: 73.0±15.7/0.6g:109.7± 4.0/0.8g:124.7±16.0/1.0g:157.3±15.3 2) 0.2g:28.3±3.5/0.4g: 38.7±15.9/0.6g:57.0±1 1.4/0.8g:108.7±12.6/1.0g:145.0±6.6 ➁ gold needle 1) 0.2g:152.0±7.8/0.4g:194.0±5.6/0.6g:2 34.3±12.5/0.8g:257.7± 7.0/1.0g:281.3±3.8 2) 0.2g:110.7±5.5/0.4g:162.0±12.2/0.6g: 222.7±22.8/0.8g:246.7 ±5.8/1.0g:270.3±13.6 |
➀ stainless steel needle 1) 0.2g:40.3±2.1/0.4g: 40.7±2.7/0.6g:43.7±2.2/0.8g:44.4±0.7/1.0g:48.6± 2.5 2) 0.2g:36.4±0.7/0.4g: 37.0±1.0/0.6g:38.4±2.1/0.8g:41.7±1.7/1.0g:46.7± 1.1 ➁ gold needle 1) 0.2g:60.0±2.0/0.4g: 66.0±6.4/0.6g:65.9±1.3/0.8g:76.5±0.8/1.0g:77.7± 9.7 2) 0.2g:44.1±0.2/0.4g: 51.7±0.1/0.6g:53.6±0.5/0.8g:58.9±0.5/1.0g:60.0± 2.2 |
When we measured the warm needling’s partial temperature, temperature measured at 1 and 2 cm below the head, according to the kind of needle, gold needle got the higher result on the peak than SS304 stainless steel needle. In the case of combustion of the moxa cones, cones weighing 0.4 g and 0.8 g, respectively, and the apex ignition method with gold needle showed the higher result than the apex ignition method with stainless steel needle, when we measured the effective stimulus time at 2 cm below the head and the mean temperature during the effective stimulus time. Although more research to standardize the characteristics of the warm needling technique will be needed, we suggest, according to these results, that warm needling of gold needle combined with moxa cone of 0.4 or 0.8 g is effective. |
Kim et al. (2008) Korea |
by measurement part
by density of moxa(g/cm3)
|
1cm from the lower end of the handle
2cm from the lower end of the handle
|
1) 0.11g/cm3:59.7±1.5/0.16g/cm3:58.6±3.1/0.24g/cm3:42.8±2.6 2) 0.11g/cm3:54.8±1.6/0.16g/cm3:50.7±2.8/0.24g/cm3:41.2±3.5 |
1) 0.11g/cm3:141.0± 7.0/0.16g/cm3:148.7± 17.0/0.24g/cm3:187.7± 20.6 2) 0.11g/cm3:141.0± 7.2/0.16g/cm3:148.7± 17.5/0.24g/cm3:190.3± 20.5 |
Criteria: Duration for temperature from rise above 34°C to fall below 34°C 1) 0.11g/cm3:109.3± 10.2/0.16g/cm3:124.7 ±16.0/0.24g/cm3: 85.0±34.7 2) 0.11g/cm3:107.3± 1.2/0.16g/cm3:108.7± 12.6/0.24g/cm3:63.7± 31.1 |
1) 0.11g/cm3:45.2±1.2/0.16g/cm3:44.4±0.7/0.24g/cm3:38.4±1.6 2) 0.11g/cm3:44.5±0.7/0.16g/cm3:41.7±1.7/0.24g/cm3:37.8±1.9 |
Examination of the warm-needle’s partial temperature in relation to the cone density of the 0.8g moxa specimen suggests that a lower density of the moxa cone corresponds to a higher peak temperature and but with a shorter duration. During the effective stimulus time, the lower the density of the moxa cone, the shorter the duration of the effective stimulus time and the higher the mean temperature. Conversely, the higher the density of the moxa cone, the longer the effective stimulus time and lower the mean temperature. |
Lee et al. (2006) Korea |
by measurement part
by kind of needle
|
1cm below the lower end of the handle
2cm below the lower end of the handle
|
➀ stainless steel needle 1) 68.8 2) 35.3 ➁ gold needle 1) 111 2) 68.8 |
➀ stainless steel needle 1) 140 2) 120 ➁ gold needle 1) 120 2) 140 |
n.r. |
n.r. |
Warm needles are a safe therapeutic measures. |
Lee et al. (2013) Taiwan |
by measurement part
by mass of moxa(g)
|
upper end of the handle
lower end of the handle
the needle body above the polystyrene plastics 4) tip of the needle body
|
1) 0.6g:344/1.0g:375 2) 0.6g:320/1.0g:306 3) 0.6g:66.4/1.0g:111.8 4) 0.6g:26.6/1.0g:29.1 |
1) 0.6g:270/1.0g:510 2) 0.6g:330/1.0g:510 3) 0.6g:270/1.0g:390 4) 0.6g:270/1.0g:450 |
n.r. |
n.r. |
The larger the size of moxa cone is, the longer is the burning time. Based on the observations we suggest that when 0.6 g moxa is used, the physicians should better pick out the needles around 9 min after ignition; however, while using the 1 g moxa, it might be safer to pick out the needles around 13 min after ignition. |
Zhou et al. (2014) China |
by measurement part
by position of ignition
|
2cm below bottom-end of moxa stick
3cm below bottom-end of moxa stick
|
➀ upper-end ignition method 1) 47.7 2) 40.2 ➁ bottom-end ignition method 1) 40.6 2) 36.4 |
➀ upper-end ignition method 1) 985 2) 960 ➁ bottom-end ignition method 1) 284 2) 239 |
Criteria: Duration for temperature from 30°C to 35°C ➀ upper-end ignition method 1) 447 2) 285 ➁ bottom-end ignition method 1) 890 2) 678 Criteria: Duration for temperature above 35°C ➀ upper-end ignition method 1) 375 2) 147 ➁ bottom-end ignition method 1) 383 2) 145 |
n.r. |
With any identical ignition method, the maintenance time of moxibustion temperature 2cm away from bottom-end of moxa stick was longer by 3 min compared with that from 3cm, for bottom-end ignition and upper-end ignition, in the case of 30°C to 35°C, more ignition time could be kept from bottom-end ignition; in the case of more than 35°C, the maximum temperature of needle body by upper-end ignition was higher by 5°C than that by bottom-end ignition. The bottom-end ignition could achieve earlier effective initial time of moxibustion temperature. From the curves, bottom-end ignition was characterized by left-shift peak while upper-end ignition was characterized by right-shift peak. The ignition location of warming needling seems to be reasonable if moxa stick is ignited form botto-end which is 2 to 3 cm away from skin. |
Chung et al. (2009) Korea |
by measurement part
with or without coating
|
tip of the needle body
skin contact point
|
1. without coating 1) 43.8 2) 48.37 2. with coating 1) 40.26 2) 39.18 |
n.r. |
n.r. |
n.r. |
The results showed that the surface temperature of needle decreased as the needle was coated with Al2O3. The surface temperature of uncoated needle was about 48°C, while that of needle coated with Al2O3 was about 39°C. |
Kim et al. (2015) Korea |
by measurement part
by coating
|
3cm below bottom-end of moxa stick
2.5cm below bottom-end of moxa stick
2cm below bottom-end of moxa stick
1.5cm below bottom-end of moxa stick
|
➀ stainless steel needle 1) 35.2±1.49 ➁ ceramic pigment coated 1) 41.31±1.95 2) 45.1±3.24 3) 56.28±2.29 4) 63.5±5.40 ➂ aluminum silicate coated 1) 38.70±1.36 ➃ manicure coated 2) 39.24±1.27 |
n.r. |
n.r. |
n.r. |
Silver needle and traditional needle showed high thermal conductivity while marked heat loss was seen in stainless steel needles. Coating of insulation paint in stainless steel needle prevented the heat loss during warm needle acupuncture techniques. |
Litscher et al. (2009) Austria |
by measurement part |
7mm below the bottom of the needle handle
5mm below the needle
reference
surface directly next to the needling point
|
➀ holder 1) 52.74 2) 39.0 3) 22도 ➁ human 4) 37.6 |
n.r. |
Criteria: Duration for temperature above 35°C 1) 266 |
n.r. |
Temperature distributions were registered. The dimensions of local and temporal effects of heat stimulation could be visualized objectively. Effects of the new moxibustion method can be quantified reliably by modern measuring equipment. Using this system, moxibustion under standardized conditions can be performed with high degree of safety. |
Cheng et al. (2011) China |
by kind of needle
by mass of moxa(g)
|
skin contact point |
➀ gold needle 1.5g:46.56±3.65 ➁ silver needle 1.2g:52.56±5.53/1.5g:55.54±6.33 |
➀ gold needle 1.5g:355 ➁ silver needle 1.2g:365/1.5g:405 |
Criteria: Duration for temperature above 42°C ➀ gold needle 1.5g:325.2 ➁ silver needle 1.2g:409.8/1.5g:525 |
n.r. |
Moxibustion with silver needle(moxa of 1.5g) produced the warmest and the longest stimulation. Next to silver needle(moxa of 1.5g) is in turn moxibustion with silver needle(moxa of 1.2g), gold needle(moxa of 1.5g) and stainless steel needle (moxa of 1.5g). Moxibustion with silver needle(moxa of low dose) could produce enough warm stimulation. |
Yuan et al. (2014) China |
by measurement part
by acupuncture size(mm)
|
3mm above the tip of the needles
33mm above the tip of the needles
63mm above the tip of the needles
66mm above the tip of the needles
the center of four needles
|
➀ single needle of 1.1×180 mm 1) 41.12±1.80 2) 41.21±1,94 3) 41.45±1,98 4) 41.57±2.01 ➁ single needle of 1.1×160 mm 1) 44.26±3.39 2) 44.33±3.45 3) 44.96±3.61 4) 45.22±3.60 ➂ several needles of 1.1×180 mm 1) 43.02±2.52 2) 43.17±2.62 3) 43.51±2.80 4) 43.72±2.84 ➃ several needles of 1.1×180 mm 1) 45.16±2.52 2) 45.26±2.58 3) 45.94±2.8 4) 46.18±2.75 |
n.r. |
n.r. |
n.r. |
There were statistically significant differences in the highest temperatures at 3, 33, 63 and 66 mm above the tip of the temperature measuring silver needle between group of single needle of 1.1×180 mm and group of single needle of 1.1×160 mm or several needles of 1.1×180 mm(P<0.01, P<0.05) and between groups several needles of 1.1×180 mm and several needles of 1.1×180 mm(P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the highest temperatures at 3, 33, 63 and 66 mm above the tip of the temperature measuring silver needle between groups of single needle of 1.1×160 mm and several needles of 1.1×180 mm(P>0.05). The highest temperatures of the needle tips and bodies in warm needling moxibustion with two sizes of silver needles reach over 41 in single needle placement and °C over 43°C in several needles placement. Under the same heating source and needle insertion depth, the highest temperature of a silver needle in human body is influenced by silver needle length and the needling mode. The shorter the silver needle, the higher the maximum temperature. The maximum temperature is higher in several needles placement than in single needle placement. |
Gao et al. (2012) Hong Kong |
by measurement part
by subject: anaesthetized rabbits, human
by distance between moxa and skin(mm)
with or without cardboard
|
skin surface directly under the ignited moxa block
10mm below the burning moxa block
15mm below the burning moxa block
20mm below the burning moxa block
25mm below the burning moxa block
|
➀ anaesthetized rabbits 1) 30mm:39.1±1.2/25mm:40.0±2.3/20mm: 42.6±2.0/15mm:exceed ed 46 C(the moxa block was quickly removed) ➁ human - with cardboard 1) 35mm:36.21±1/30mm:37.8±0.6/25mm: 39.1±0.9 2) 90* 3) 40* 4) 35* 5) 48* - without cardboard 1) 35mm:38.4±1.3/30mm:40.8±0.9/25mm: (not tested, as it might cause severe pain and even skin burn injuries) 2) 75* 3) 40* 4) 35* 5) 30*
|
n.r. |
*That is, the duration of skin temperature above 40 C during burning of these moxa cylinders was less than 30 seconds when the cylinder was at 10mm above the skin. *effective heating period (i.e., >37 C) lasted only 2–3 minutes |
n.r. |
Our results show that during needle-warming moxibustion there is little heat being conducted into deep tissue via the shaft of the needle, and that the effective heating time to the acupoint is rather short compared to the period of moxibustion. These findings suggest that the needle-warming technique is an inefficient way of acupoint thermal stimulation and should be modified and improved using new technologies. |
Ahn et al. (2010) Korea |
by measurment part
by mass of moxa(g)
|
tip of the needle body
1cm above the tip of the needle body
2cm above the tip of the needle body
|
1) 0.1g, 0.3g, 0.5g:n.t.c./1.0g: 22.40/3.0g:24.8/5.0g:25.5 2) 0.1g, 0.3g, 0.5g:n.t.c./1.0g:22.40/3.0g:24.70/5. 0g:25.46 3) 0.1g, 0.3g:n.t.c./0.5g: 22.4/1.0g:23.5/3.0g:26.5/5.0g:28.3 |
n.r. |
n.r. |
n.r. |
The thermal conduction through acupuncture needle from the moxa-corn was relative to the weight of moxa-corn and was inversely relative to the distance of the moxa-corn and acupuncture needle length. And the value of thermal conduction to the apex of the acupuncture needle from the moxa-corn was about 3~5°C. The above results suggest that the present study may be useful in finding the mechanism and effects of the warming needling technique. |
Cheng et al. (2007) China |
by kind of needle |
n.r. |
(K) ➀ silver: 320* ➁ gold: 300* ➂ stainless steel: 290*
|
➀ silver: 620* ➁ gold: 740* ➂ stainless steel: 580*
|
n.r. |
n.r. |
A numerical analysis provided the distribution of temperature and the vectorgram of thermal flow in tissues during warming acupuncture. The experiment observed that the curve of temperature distribution and the result of numerical simulation tallied. The investigation found that if the other conditions were the same, a silver needle conducted heat most rapidly and its maximum value was several times as large as those of gold and stainless steel needles during warming acupuncture. Heat passes rapidly mainly along the needle body during warming acupuncture. A silver needle conducts heat most rapidly, raises tissue temperature to a highest degree and transmits heat in a largest range, which prove that warming acupuncture with silver needles produces a best curative effect clinically. In this article, infrared thermography and numerical modeling were used to investigate the process of heat conduction during warming acupuncture and make a quantitative analysis, providing a theoretical and experimental basis for clinical application of different kinds of moxibustion. |
Wang et al. (2009) China |
by measurement part
by length of needle(mm)
|
tip of the needle body
1cm above the tip of the needles
2cm above the tip of the needles
3cm above the tip of the needles
4cm above the tip of the needles
skin contact point
|
➀ 1.0mm×80mm 1) 24.2±0.38 2) 26.8±1.18 6) 28.6±1.18 ➁ 1.0mm×100mm 1) 23.3±0.43 2) 23.7±1.04 6) 24.9±1.13 ➂ 1.0mm×120mm 1) 22.5±0.66 2) 23.2±0.52 3) 23.2±1.01 6) 24.1±0.95 ➃ 1.0mm×150mm 1) 21.9±0.14 2) 22.0±0 3) 22.6±0.80 4) 22.7±0.58 5) 23.3±0,25 6) 24.0±0.25 |
all: 600 |
|
|
Temperature of the needle body ascended first and descended later. Temperatures on the tenth minute were the highest among the five points measured. Temperatures of the tips of 8cm and 10cm silver needles elevated(P<0.05). Temperatures of the spot on muscle surface of all needles raised(P<0.05). Temperature of 8cm silver needles raised highest among them. Temperature fluctuation of silver needle in pig’s isolated skeletal muscles are obvious. Temperatures of the needle body in tissue are influenced by length of the whole needle and length of the part outside. |
Hong et al. (2008) Korea |
by measurement part
by heating source: by mass of moxa(g)/by quantity of electricity(mA)
|
tip of the needle body
1cm above the tip of the needles
2cm above the tip of the needles
|
➀ moxa 1) 0.5g:n.t.c./1g:21.26/3g:22.09/5g:23.06°C 2) 0.5g:n.t.c./1g:22.40/3g:24.77/5g:25.46 3) 1g:23.5/3g:26.5/5g: 28.3 ➁ high frequency warm needling device 1) 1mA:n.t.c./2.5mA :20.5*/5mA:22*/10mA:31* 2) 1mA:n.t.c./2.5mA: n.t.c./5mA:22.1/10mA:23.7 3) 1mA:n.t.c./2.5mA: n.t.c./5mA:n.t.c./10mA:21.2*
|
1) 0.5g:n.t.c./1g:700/3g: 750/5g:800 2) 0.5g:n.t.c./1g:550/3g: 650/5g:850 3) 1g:650/3g:1000/5g: 1500 |
|
|
The thermal conduction mount via acupuncture from the moxibustion was relative to the weight of moxibustion and was inverse relative to the distance of the moxibustion and acupuncture length. The thermal conductant mount transferring to the apex of the acupuncture needle from the moxibustion was about 3~5°C. The generation mount of heat used by a high-frequency warming needling device was relative to the quantity of electricity. The thermal transfer location was limited within the apex of insulated acupuncture in the high-frequency warming needling device. As the above results suggest, the present study may be vuseful in finding the mechanism and effects of the warming needling technique. |