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Effects of Gamitaeeumjowee-tang for Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Shift Workers: A Retrospective Chart Review

Article information

J Korean Med. 2025;46(3):1-15
Publication date (electronic) : 2025 September 1
doi : https://doi.org/10.13048/jkm.25030
Yunjin Lee1,§orcid_icon, Hyojoo Choi1,§orcid_icon, Jeong-In Kang1orcid_icon, Young-Woo Lim1,2orcid_icon, Eunjoo Kim1,2,orcid_icon
1Nubebe Korean Medical Clinic Bundang Center
2Nubebe Obesity Research Institute
Correspondence to: Eunjoo Kim, Nubebe Korean Medical Clinic Bundang Center, 10 Seongnam-daero, 926beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13506, Korea, Tel:+82-31-702-0045, Fax:+82-31-701-8993, E-mail:boggil82@gmail.com
§

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Received 2025 May 30; Revised 2025 July 15; Accepted 2025 August 12.

Abstract

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the weight loss effects and safety of Gamitaeeumjowee-tang in overweight and obese shift workers through a retrospective chart review.

Methods

A total of 27 shift workers with a body mass index (BMI) ≥23 kg/m2 who visited a Korean medicine obesity clinic for weight loss were included. Participants took Gamitaeeumjowee-tang for 12 weeks. Changes in body weight, body composition, blood pressure, and adverse events were assessed and compared with a control group of 33 non-shift workers.

Results

After 12 weeks of treatment, the shift worker group showed a significant reduction in body weight (6.63±3.37 kg, P<0.05), body fat mass (6.13±2.96 kg, P<0.05), BMI (2.52±1.28 kg/m2, P<0.05), and body fat rate (5.23 ± 3.18%p, P<0.05) along with a significant increase in skeletal muscle rate (2.92 ± 1.74%p, P<0.05). There were no significant differences in weight loss and body composition changes between the shift worker group and the non-shift worker group. When evaluating changes in blood pressure and pulse, only systolic blood pressure significantly decreased in the shift worker group (P=0.041). Most adverse events were mild, and no serious adverse reactions were reported.

Conclusions

Gamitaeeumjowee-tang appears to be a safe and effective option for weight management in overweight and obese shift workers without causing serious adverse events.

Keywords: Shift worker; Overweight; Obesity; Weight loss; Gamitaeeumjowee-tang
Fig. 1

Flow chart of dataset for analysis.

Composition of Gamitaeeumjowee-tang

Baseline Characteristics of Patients

Variable Changes Comparison between two groups

Changes in Blood Pressure and Pulse rate

Comparison of Categorical Variables between Shift workers and Not Shift workers

Adverse Events Reported from 60 Patients using Gamitaeeumjowee-tang

Adverse Events According to System Organ Classes

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Appendices

Appendix 1. Questionnaire on Lifestyle Habits

jkm-46-3-1-appendix-1.pdf

Article information Continued

Fig. 1

Fig. 1

Flow chart of dataset for analysis.

Table 1

Composition of Gamitaeeumjowee-tang

Ingredient Dose(g)/day
Ephedra Herba 16.0~24.0
Rehmanniae Radix Preparat 8.0
Coicis Semen 8.0
Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens 4.0
Acori Gramineri Rhizoma 3.3
Zizyphi Semen 3.3
Alismatis Rhizoma 2.6
Scutellariae Radix 1.3
Schizandrae Fructus 1.3
Puerariae Radix 1.3
Asparagi Tuber 1.3
Angelicae Tenuissimae Radix 1.3
Longanae Arillus 1.3
Castanea Moliissima 1.3
Liriopis Tuber 1.3
Total amount 55.6~63.6

Table 2

Baseline Characteristics of Patients

Characteristics Total (n=60) Shift workers (N= 27) Not shift workers (N= 33) P-value
Age(year)* 36.82 ± 12.88 36.33 ± 11.70 37.21 ± 13.94 0.982
Weight (kg)* 75.60 ± 12.20 77.51 ± 14.02 74.04 ± 10.44 0.414
Body Fat mass (kg) 30.47 ± 6.65 30.64 ± 7.06 30.33 ± 6.41 0.858
Skeletal muscle mass(kg)* 24.77 ± 4.81 25.81 ± 5.79 23.92 ± 3.70 0.316
BMI (kg/m2 ) 28.87 ± 3.30 29.19 ± 3.73 28.62 ± 2.94 0.514
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 129.93 ± 10.96 132.67 ± 9.02 127.70 ± 12.00 0.080
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 79.38 ± 10.16 80.26 ± 10.31 78.67 ± 10.15 0.550
Pulse (bpm) 84.05 ± 11.41 84.74 ± 10.51 83.48 ± 12.23 0.675

Data are expressed mean±standard deviation.

*

: Non-normally distributed data

Table 3

Variable Changes Comparison between two groups

Characteristics Shift workers (N= 27) Not shift workers (N= 33) P-value
Weight (kg) 6.63 ± 3.37* 6.69 ± 2.57* 0.858
Weight loss rate (%)) 8.69 ± 4.38* 9.30 ± 3.97* 0.629
Skeletal muscle mass (kg) 0.24 ± 1.00 0.54 ± 0.74* 0.100
Body Fat mass (kg) 6.13 ± 2.96* 5.78 ± 2.29* 0.606
BMI (kg/m2 ) 2.52 ± 1.28* 2.62 ± 1.05* 0.746
Skeletal muscle rate(%p) 2.92 ± 1.74* 2.51 ± 1.42* 0.326
Body fat rate (%p) 5.23 ± 3.18* 4.73 ± 2.59* 0.503

Data are expressed mean±standard deviation.

*

P<0.05,

paired t test or wilcoxon singed rank test / comparison within group before and after program

Table 4

Changes in Blood Pressure and Pulse rate

Initial value Final value P-value
Shift workers (N= 27) Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 132.67 ± 9.02 127.3 ± 12.25 0.041*
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 80.26 ± 10.31 78.70 ± 10.70 0.487
Pulse (bpm) 84.74 ± 10.51 91.48 ± 12.13 0.007*
Not shift workers (N= 33) Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 127.70 ± 12.00 126.33 ± 11.64 0.561
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 78.67 ± 10.15 78.82 ± 8.71 0.928
Pulse (bpm) 83.48 ± 12.23 95.24 ± 12.19 <.001*

Data are expressed mean±standard deviation.

*

P<0.05, paired t test.

Table 5

Comparison of Categorical Variables between Shift workers and Not Shift workers

Categorical variables Shift workers (N = 27) Not shift workers group (N = 33) P-value
Sleep regularity Regular 2 (7.4) 20 (60.6) <.001‡
Irregular 25 (92.6) 13 (39.4)
Dietary habits Meal regularity Regular 4 (14.8) 14 (42.4) 0.020‡
Irregular 23 (85.2) 19 (57.6)
Night time eating Yes 12 (44.4) 8 (24.2) 0.099
No 15 (55.6) 25 (75.8)
Light eating† Yes 0 (0.0) 1 (3.0) 1.000
No 27 (100) 32 (97.0)
Binge eating Yes 11 (40.7) 12 (36.4) 0.729
No 16 (59.3) 21 (63.6)
Alcohol consumption frequency* 0 (week) 8 (30.8) 13 (39.4) 0.419
≤ 1 12 (46.2) 9 (27.3)
2–3 6 (23.1) 10 (30.3)
≥ 4 0 (0.0) 1 (3.0)
Physical activity level* < 1h 3 (11.5) 3 (9.1) 0.517
1–3 h 8 (30.8) 15 (45.5)
≥ 3 15 (57.7) 15 (45.5)
Weight loss experience Weight loss with drug 15 (55.6) 16 (48.5) 0.586
None 12 (44.4) 17 (51.5)

Data are expressed as number (%) for categorical variables.

*

: Chi-square test was conducted on 26 participants after excluding 1 missing value;

†

: Fisher’s Exact Test;

‡

: P<0.05

Table 6

Adverse Events Reported from 60 Patients using Gamitaeeumjowee-tang

Shift workers (N= 27) Not shift workers (N= 33)
Variables 2–6 weeks 10–14 weeks 2–6 weeks 10–14 weeks
Causality (WHO-UMC)
 Possible 11 (25.6) 3 (20.0) 11 (16.2) 1 (4.5)
 Unlikely 32 (74.4) 12 (80.0) 57 (83.8) 21 (95.5)
 Conditional/unclassified 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
 Total 43 (100) 15 (100) 68 (100) 22 (100)
Severity (CTCAE v5.0)
 Mild (Grade1) 43 (100) 14 (93.3) 68 (100) 21 (95.5)
 Moderate (Grade 2) 0 (0.0) 1 (6.7) 0 (0.0) 1 (4.5)
 Severe (Grade 3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
 Total 43 (100) 15 (100) 68 (100) 22 (100)

Data are expressed number (%).

WHO-UMC; World Health Organization-Uppsala Monitoring Centre, CTCAE; Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events

Table 7

Adverse Events According to System Organ Classes

Shift workers (N= 27) Not shift workers (N= 33)
System-organ classes Symptom 2–6 weeks 10–14 weeks 2–6 weeks 10–14 weeks
Gastro-intestinal system disorders Constipation 7 (16.3) 6 (40.0) 10 (14.7) 6 (27.3)
Dyspepsia 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (2.9) 0 (0.0)
Nausea 3 (7.0) 0 (0.0) 4 (5.9) 1 (4.5)
Vomiting 1 (2.3) 0 (0.0) 2 (2.9) 0 (0.0)
Heartburn 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.5) 0 (0.0)
Hemorrhoids 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.5) 0 (0.0)
Hematochezia 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.5) 0 (0.0)
Subtotal 11 (25.6) 6 (40.0) 21 (30.9) 7 (31.8)
Central & peripheral nervous system disorders Dizziness 2 (4.7) 0 (0.0) 7 (10.3) 3 (13.6)
Headache 6 (14.0) 1 (6.7) 6 (8.8) 1 (4.5)
Tremor 2 (4.7) 0 (0.0) 7 (10.3) 1 (4.5)
Paresthesia 1 (2.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Subtotal 11 (25.6) 1 (6.7) 20 (29.4) 5 (22.7)
Psychiatric disorders Insomnia 5 (11.6) 3 (20.0) 3 (4.4) 3 (13.6)
Subtotal 5 (11.6) 3 (20.0) 3 (4.4) 3 (13.6)
Autonomic nervous system disorders Dry mouth 2 (4.7) 1 (6.7) 6 (8.8) 2 (9.1)
Palpitation 4 (9.3) 1 (6.7) 6 (8.8) 0 (0.0)
Sweating increased 2 (4.7) 1 (6.7) 3 (4.4) 1 (4.5)
Subtotal 8 (18.6) 3 (20.0) 15 (22.1) 3 (13.6)
Body as a whole - general disorders Malaise 1 (2.3) 0 (0.0) 3 (4.4) 0 (0.0)
Feeling hot 2 (4.7) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.5) 0 (0.0)
Feeling cold 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.5) 0 (0.0)
Cold sweat 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.5) 0 (0.0)
Subtotal 3 (7.0) 0 (0.0) 6 (8.8) 0 (0.0)
Skin and appendages disorders Scalp pruritus 1 (2.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Subtotal 1 (2.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Urinary system disorders Urinary frequency 1 (2.3) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.5) 1 (4.5)
Dysuria 2 (4.7) 2 (13.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Subtotal 3 (7.0) 2 (13.3) 1 (1.5) 1 (4.5)
Reproductive disorders Menstrual irregularity 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (9.1)
Menorrhagia 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.5) 0 (0.0)
Erectile dysfunction 1 (2.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Subtotal 1 (2.3) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.5) 2 (9.1)
Musculo-skeletal system disorders Myalgia 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.5) 0 (0.0)
Subtotal 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.5) 0 (0.0)
Respiratory system disorders Hoarseness 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (4.5)
Subtotal 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (4.5)
Total 43(100) 15(100) 68(100) 22(100)

Data are expressed number (%)